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\begin{document}
\title{\vspace*{-.35in}
On the Number of Incipient Spanning Clusters}
\author{Michael Aizenman
\thanks{\normalsize Work supported in part by the 
 NSF Grant PHY-9512729.} 
\\
\normalsize \it  Departments of Physics and Mathematics,
Jadwin Hall \vspace*{-0.05truein} \\
\normalsize \it Princeton University, Princeton \ NJ 08544-0708 \\
\normalsize \it aizenman@princeton.edu }
\date{{\small September 22, 1996}}
\maketitle
\thispagestyle{empty}        %removes # on p.1

%\begin{abstract}
\abst{
In critical percolation models, in a large cube there will
typically be more than one cluster of comparable diameter.
In 2D, the probability of  $k>>1$ spanning 
clusters is of the order $ e^{-\alpha \ k^{2}}$.  In 
dimensions $d>6$, when $\eta = 0$ the spanning clusters proliferate:
for $L\to \infty$ the spanning probability tends to one,
and the number of robust spanning 
clusters  grows as $L^{d-6}$, with $|\C_{max}| \approx L^4$.  
The rigorous results confirm a generally accepted 
picture for $d>6$, but also correct some 
misconceptions concerning the uniqueness of the dominant cluster.  
We distinguish between two related concepts: the Incipient Infinite 
Cluster, which by its construction is unique, and the Incipient 
Spanning Clusters, which are not.  The scaling limits of the ISC 
exhibit interesting differences between low ($d=2$) and high 
dimensions.  Notably, in the latter case ($d>6 ?$) the double limit: 
infinite volume and zero lattice spacing, will exhibit both 
percolation at the critical state, and infinitely many infinite 
clusters.  }
%\end{abstract}
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}

\bigskip

\bigskip

\noindent {\bf PACS numbers:} 64.60.Ak, 64.80.Gd, 05.20.-y, 02.50.+s. 

\noindent {\bf Key words:}  
percolation, incipient infinite cluster, incipient spanning clusters, \\ 
critical behavior, hyperscaling, scaling limit.

\newpage
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\vspace{-1.2cm}
\masect{Introduction} \vspace{-.6cm}
\masubsect{Main Results}

Some of the essential features of critical phenomena
are reflected in the structure of the large 
correlated clusters observed in the critical state 
\cite{Con,Sta2,SA,Ma}.
For percolation, the relevant notion is of connectivity,
and the characteristic feature of the criticality is the 
spontaneous formation of large connected clusters,
of ``macroscopic'' diameter.  
In this paper we present rigorous results on the number of
Incipient Spanning Clusters (ISC), in various dimensions.
The term {\em Spanning} is applied generically 
to clusters which stretch across a large region, and connect different 
boundary segments (see Fig. 1, and the more detailed explanation in 
Section \ref{IIC-ISC}).  {\em Incipient} is the word we use for 
the tenuous structures seen at the critical models, at percolation 
threshold.

Our goals are: i. clarify the issue of uniqueness, concerning which
there has been some confusion,
ii. present new bounds on the distribution of the number of
ISC in 2D models, and iii. prove that in high dimensions 
Incipient Spanning Clusters
behave in a rather different way than they do in 2D.

More explicitly, we establish the following.

\noindent
1) In any dimension $d>1$, at $p=p_c$, with positive
probability there is {\em more than one} spanning cluster in 
slabs of the form $[0,tL]\times[0,L]^{d-1}$;
the proof covers the case of $t$ not 
too large, but independent of $L$ (Theorem 2, below).  

\noindent
2) For completeness, we add that above the critical point, 
$p>p_c$, there typically is exactly one spanning cluster 
(for $L >>1$) (Theorem \ref{thm6}, Appendix C).  
Below the critical point there is none.

\noindent
3) In $2D$ critical models the number of spanning clusters
if of finite mean, and its probability distribution satisfies:

\begin{equation}
 \P\left(
   \begin{array}{l}
   	\mbox{\small there are exactly $k$ unconnected}  \\
   	\mbox{spanning clusters in $[0,L]^2$}
   \end{array} \right) \
      \begin{array}{ll}
 	   \ge	& A \ e^{-\alpha \ k^2}  \\
 	   \le & e^{-\alpha' \ k^2}
      \end{array} 	
      \label{1.1}
\end{equation}

\noindent 
where $k$ counts clusters connecting the
two opposite faces $\{x_1=0\}$ and $\{x_1=L\}$ of $[0,L]^2$, 
and the bounds hold uniformly in $L$ (Theorem 3).

The power $k^2$ seen in \eq{1.1} represents $k^{d/(d-1)}$.
The analysis suggests  a plausible  argument
for a more general validity of such lower bound in low dimensions,
but it is not clear whether the actual rate is not slower for d=3,4,5. 

\noindent
4)  In dimensions $d>6$, assuming $\eta = 0$  ($\eta$ being the critical 
exponent seen in \eq{eta}):
\begin{itemize}
\item  the spanning probability tends to {\em one} (Theorem 4), and
\item
spanning clusters proliferate --
\begin{equation}
 \P\left(\mbox{the number of spanning clusters $\ge \ o(1) L^{d-6}$}
	 \right) \Ltoo  1  .	
\end{equation}
Furthermore, at least for clusters whose size  
(the number of points)  is comparable to 
the maximal ($|\C_{max}|$),
 $L^{d-6}$ provides the actual rate of growth ---
not just a bound.

\end{itemize}

\begin{itemize}  
\item  The size of the maximal cluster is typically
\be   |\C_{max}| \approx L^4  \  ,
\ee
in a sense made explicit in Theorem \ref{thm5}.
\end{itemize}

The assumption on $\eta$ refers to the purported law:
\be
\tau(x,y) \ \equiv \
\P\left( x \mbox{ sites {\em x} and {\em y} are connected} \right)
\approx \frac{Const.}{|x-y|^{d-2+\eta} } \ \ .
\label{eta}
\ee
It is expected that $\eta = 0$ above the upper--critical dimension
 $d=6$ \cite{Tou, HL}.
Rigorous results in this direction were proven by 
Hara and Slade \cite{HS},
who establish that a related, but somewhat weaker condition, holds
at $d>6$ in models with sufficiently spread finite--range connections,
and at somewhat higher dimensions for the nearest--neighbor
percolation model.    

The results proven here for $d>6$ reinforce the generally accepted 
picture, in which the proliferation of large clusters is related to 
the breakdown of hyperscaling (Coniglio \cite{Con}), and 
the ``fractal'' dimension of the large clusters stabilizes at 
$D=4$ (Aharony, Gefen and Kapitulnik \cite{AGK}, 
Alexander et.al. (AGNW) \cite{Alex}).  Our analysis is based on 
the diagrammatic bounds of Aizenman and Newman \cite{AN}.  The high 
effectiveness of the method points to the validity of the perspective 
offered by AGNW \cite{Alex} that for $d>6$ large clusters resemble 
randomly branched chains.
 
The fact that the spanning probability tends to 1
has interesting implications for the
nature of the continuum limit, mentioned in Section~\ref{IIC-ISC}.

The prototype for the percolation models discussed here,
{\em and the systems to which we refer by default},
are the nearest-neighbor bond, or site, percolation models
on the regular lattice $Z^d$.  However, 
with minimal clarifications the discussion applies
also to percolation models with different short--scale
characteristics, including finite range bond percolation, n.n. and 
next--nearest--neighbor site percolation, and also the 
continuum random dots models.
To attain this robustness, the arguments employed refer 
mostly to large -- scale connection events.
The essential features (or at least those assumed throughout)
are: independence for sufficiently 
separated regions [a fixed finite distance], 
and the vdB-K property which is presented in Section \ref{sect:2D}.

Following are some less technical comments on the results.

\masubsect{Implications of the Multiplicity of Incipient 
   Spanning Clusters}

The assertion that in 2D there is positive probability for
more than one Incipient Spanning Cluster will not surprise 
mathematicians familiar with the theory developed by Russo \cite{R} 
and Seymour and Welsh \cite{SW}.  Nevertheless, even the 2D case of
the general result (1) is in contradiction with statements 
which  for quite a while have apparently been part of a wide 
consensus. 
That consensus was recently challenged, and 
corrected, by a report of a numerical work \cite{Hu} 
(see also \cite{Ar}).  As we attempt 
to make it plain (and as was already stated in ref. \cite{A_Web}), 
the case of 2D is really simple.  
To prove the result for general dimension, we develop what may be
regarded as a  rigorous real -- space renormalization group argument.
 

The misconception of the uniqueness of the spanning clusters
could have been facilitated by a number of factors:

\noindent i. {\em Scaling Theory}  \\
The assumption that  there typically is
one dominant cluster (in a finite region $[0,L]^d$)
helps in the explanation of the {\em hyperscaling} law,
which is found to be obeyed in low dimensions.
To re-emphasize that low level multiplicity (up to $L^{o(1)}$)
is consistent with hyperscaling, we present a version of the 
heuristic argument 
in Appendix A.  It is seen there that the relevant condition 
is only that the number of large clusters grows slower 
than any power of $L$.

\noindent  ii. {\em Uniqueness of the Infinite Cluster}  \\
One of the results known under rather general  assumptions
(discreteness and ``regularity'') is that when there is percolation, 
the infinite cluster is unique \cite{NS,AKN,BK} (see however 
Sect.~\ref{IIC-ISC} below).  The Uniqueness Theorems were occasionally 
quoted as an indication that at the percolation threshold, where 
large--scale clusters are expected, there is a single dominant cluster 
--- referred to as the Incipient Infinite Cluster (IIC).  Here, the 
convenient and otherwise appealing terminology might have suggested an 
incorrect deduction.

\noindent  iii. {\em Terminology}  \\
The term Incipient Infinite Cluster is too encompassing.  
The dominant cluster(s) in a large volume can be viewed from two  
perspectives, for which it may be better to have separate terminology.
We propose to keep the term IIC for the large clusters 
as  seen from the perspective of their sites (which presumably
agrees with the conditioned process studied by Kesten  \cite{K3}
in the context of 2D \cite{K3} models). 
The same clusters, as
viewed on the bulk (macroscopic) scale may be referred to as the 
Incipient Spanning Cluster(s).  The distinction becomes more 
clear as one contrasts the microscopic and the macroscopic view of the 
system, and contemplates the relevant mathematical descriptions of the 
{\em scaling limit} --- the limiting situation in which the ratio of 
the two scales diverges.  A more detailed discussion of these issues,
is presented in Section \ref{IIC-ISC}, which can be read in advance of 
the more technical Sections.  
Included in Section \ref{IIC-ISC} are three possible definitions of 
the IIC, which still ought to be proven equivalent. 
For each of them it can be shown that 
if the percolation density vanishes at $p_c$ then  
the IIC process exhibits a unique infinite cluster.  
The ISC in  general are not unique (Section 2).
 
\noindent{\em Red --- Blue bonds} \\
The multiplicity of ISC means also that the important notion of ``red 
bonds'' (Stanley \cite{Sta1, Sta2}, Coniglio \cite{Co82}) needs some 
care.  This notion is best explained in the situation in which a 
macroscopic piece of material is placed between two conducting plates 
which are at different electric potentials, and the bonds represent 
conducting elements.  The ``red bonds'' are often interchangeably 
described as: i.  bonds which are essential for the connection, i.e., 
are unavoidable for every path connecting the opposite boundary 
plates, or as ii.  bonds which carry the full current.  (Other 
elements in this classification are: ``blue'' - the backbone bonds, 
and ``yellow'' - the dangling ends.) As we now appreciate, these two 
definitions do not coincide.

The non-uniqueness of the spanning cluster has the consequence
that frequently the random configuration will not contain any
bond which is essential for the connection (though there will
be bonds essential for their specific spanning clusters).
Interestingly, this does not mean that no bond carries
the full current.  If there are large differences in the
total resistance of the distinct spanning clusters,
than the bulk of the current may still be carried by just one
of them.  Its essential bonds meet the condition
in the second definition of ``red bonds''.
However, as we see now, this terminology involves
more than just the topology of the cluster.

Despite the above complication, it is still desirable to have an 
elementary geometric concept expressing the fact that in typical 
configurations there are bonds whose removal (or blockage) will 
result 
in a change of the available connected routes which is visible 
on a large 
scale $R$.  For this purpose one may define a bond {\em b} to be 
{\em essential on scale $R$} ( $>>$ lattice scale) if there are two 
realized paths, of end--to--end distance $R$ 
emanating from the opposite ends of
the bond, which are not linked by any other path which stays
within the distance $R$ from {\em b}.

Further discussion of the results is found in Section \ref{IIC-ISC}. 

%\bigskip

%\bigskip
\newpage

\masect{Multiple ISC occur in Critical 
Models in all Dimensions $d> 1$} \label{sect:all_d}

 
\begin{figure}[ht]
    \begin{center}
    \leavevmode
    \epsfbox{ISCfig1.eps}
  \caption{The geometric setups used in the discussion of 
  the Incipient Spanning Clusters.}
\label{fig:crossings}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{thm}  (Incipient Spanning Clusters occur)
For any dimension $d>1$, there is a (decreasing) function $h(t)$,
which for $ 0 \le t < 1/2$ 
is strictly positive, such that 
at the critical point for every $0< L< \infty $:
\be
 R_{L,t}\ \equiv 
   \P\left(
	\begin{array}{l}
	 \mbox{ the slab $S_{L,t}\equiv[0,tL]\times[0,L]^{(d-1)}$
	        is traversed}    \\
		\mbox{ in the direction of the 1-st coordinate }
	\end{array} 
         \right) \ \ge \ h(t)   \ .
\label{2.1}
\ee
Furthermore, $h(\cdot )$ satisfies
\be
h(t) \ \ge \ 
\begin{array}{ll}
	1 - A e^{-const. \ t^{-(d-1)}}  & \mbox{ as  } t \searrow 0  \\
	C_{d}\ (1/2 - t)^{(d-1)/2}    &  \mbox{ as  } t \nearrow 1/2  
\end{array}
\  .
\label{2.2}
\ee
\end{thm}
The proof is based on arguments which may be regarded as standard.
We place it therefore in the Appendix (B).


\begin{thm}  (There can be more than one ISC)
For any dimension $d>1$, there is a function $g(t)$, 
strictly positive for $0 \le t < t_o$,
 with which for every finite size $L$:
\begin{equation}
   D_{L}(t,p_{c}) \equiv \P\left(
	\begin{array}{l}
  	    \mbox{ there is more than one } \\
	    \mbox{ spanning cluster in $S_{L,t}$}
	\end{array}
	   \right)    \ \ge \ g(t)  \ . 
\label{2.3}
\end{equation}
\label{thm:1}
\end{thm}

\noindent {\bf Remarks}:  1)  It should be appreciated that
the bound in \eq{2.3} is satisfied only at $p=p_{c}$.  
Otherwise:
\begin{equation}
	\lim_{L\to \infty} D_{L}(t,p \ [\ne p_{c}]) = 0  \ 
	\label{2.4}
\end{equation}
(for any $t>0$).
For $p<p_{c}$ \eq{2.4} is true because there are no spanning
clusters (the connectivity function decays exponentially), 
and for $p>p_{c}$ it holds because there is only one spanning
cluster (see Appendix C).
 
\noindent 2)  We expect the restriction to small $t$, 
for the positivity of $h(t)$ in Theorem 1 and $g(t)$ in 
Theorem 2 not to belong there, since 
if the spanning probabilities are uniformly positive
for some aspect ratio ($t_{o}>0$) then that should also be true
for any other value of $t$.  However we do not have a proof of
that implication.
For two dimensions, such a statement is derived in
the works of Russo \cite{R} and Seymour and Welsh \cite{SW} 
(conveniently summarized in \cite{G}).
The result provides a very versatile tool for the 
study of 2D critical models (see below).

The proofs of Theorem 1 and Theorem 2 (for $d \ge 3$) 
have the flavor of a real - space renormalization argument.
By considering suitably chosen local events, 
determined in blocks of scale $L$, it is shown that for any $p$:

\begin{itemize}
\item[i.]  If $R_{L,t}$ is too small than the connectivity function 
decays exponentially, and hence $p<p_{c}$.  

\item[ii.] If $[1-R_{L/3,3t}] + D_{L,t}$ is too small then there is 
percolation, and $p > p_{c}$.  \\
For $p=p_{c}$ the term $[1-R_{L/3,3t}]$ vanishes as $t\searrow 0$, 
and hence $D_{L,t}$ cannot be too small.
\end{itemize}
The first argument is recapitulated in Appendix B. 
The second is given below.  

\noindent {\bf Proof of Theorem 2:}   As is explained in the 
next section, for 2D the 
RSW theory \cite{R, SW} implies that \eq{2.3} 
holds with a function $g(t)$ which is positive for all $t>0$.

To prove Theorem 2 for $d \ge 3$ we shall
show that there is a constant $b <\infty $ 
(based on 2D  considerations, and thus independent of $d$)
such that for every  $p \le p_{c}$ 
\begin{equation}
	(1 - R_{L/3,3t}) + D_{L,t} \ \ge \ b 
	\label{D}
\end{equation}
for any $L < \infty$.  Since $R_{L,t} \ge h(t)$, 
that would establish the claim, with
 \begin{equation}
 	g(t) =  b - [1- h(3t)] 
 \end{equation}
where $\lim_{t\searrow 0} [1-h(t)] = 0$, by Theorem 1.

The following argument proves that if (for a suitable choice of 
the constant $b$) \eq{D} fails for some $L$ 
than there is percolation in 
the slab $[0,tL]\times [0,L]^{d-3} \times R^{2}$. 
Let us partition the slab into a  
planar collection of translates
of the $d$-dimensional rectangular cell $[0,tL]\times [0,L]^{d-3} 
\times [0,L/3]^{2}$.  In a given configuration of the percolation 
model, a cell is declared {\em regular} if the following two 
conditions are met:\\
i. the cell contains a spanning cluster (in the first direction), \\
ii.  the block made by joining $3  \times 3 $ cells, 
with the given one at the center,
is traversed by  exactly one spanning cluster.

Notice that if within the 2D array (of d--dimensional regions)
 there is chain of neighboring
{\em regular cells}, then 
the spanning clusters of these cells belong to a common connected
cluster.  

The last observation implies that there is percolation in the slab
unless any finite
region is encircled by a  *-connected loop of cells which are
not {\em regular} in our terminology.  We estimate the probability
of such events by a Peierls--type argument.

While irregularity is not independent for adjacent cell, 
it is independent for cells with a gap of $2$ in one of the two 
direction.  Thus, it is convenient to estimate the probability of the 
existence of an encircling loop by focusing on sub-chains 
of minimal steps with such gap.  
There are $20$ possibilities for each 
step in the chain.  The Peierls estimate, suitably--modified, implies 
that a sufficient condition for percolation of the regular cells is
\begin{equation}
	Prob\left( \mbox{ cell is {\em} irregular } \right) 
	\cdot 	20 \ < \ 1
	\label{Peierls}
\end{equation}

We bound the probability of a cell to be irregular by adding the 
probabilities of the two possible failures.  The result is that there is 
percolation unless \eq{D} holds, with $b = 0.05$.  (That may not 
strike one as a very large number, but still it is positive uniformly 
in $L$).
 
Since the 
probabilities $R_{L,t}$ and $D_{L,t}$ are continuous in $p$ 
(pertaining to regions of fixed finite size), if  \eq{D} fails
at $p$ then it does so also for $p-\epsilon$ for $\epsilon >0$ small
enough, and thus the conclusion is that either $p > p_{c}$, or
\eq{D} holds.

%\bigskip

%\bigskip
\newpage
\masect{ISC in Two Dimensions} \vspace{-.6cm} \label{sect:2D}
\masubsect{A Two-dimensional Construction}

The situation in two dimensions is most amenable to
qualitative analysis.
The proof that there can be any number ($n$) of spanning clusters,
with probability which does not vanish as $L \to \infty$,
is elementary: partition the rectangular region
into  $(2n-1)$ parallel strips, and note that the event
occurs under the scenario depicted in Figure 2.a.  Based on the 
product of probabilities of the $(2n-1)$ independent events, one gets:

\bea
K_{L}(n) &\equiv & \P\left(
   \begin{array}{l}
   	\mbox{there are at least $n$ distinct}  \\
   	\mbox{spanning clusters in $[0,L]^2$}
   \end{array}
  \right) \  \ge \nonumber  \\   \nonumber  \\  
  & \ge & \  \P\left(
\begin{array}{l}
 \mbox{\small the strip $[0,L/(2n-1)]\times 
            [0,L]$ is traversed in the} \\
	\mbox{long direction by a spanning cluster [dual cluster]}
\end{array}  \right)^{2n-1}    \nonumber  \\   \nonumber  \\  
  &  \ge & \ [h(2n-1)]^{2n-1} \ > 0
\label{hoho}
\eea
where the concluding step is by  the
aforementioned theorem of Russo \cite{R} 
and Seymour and Welsh \cite{SW}
that  $h(t)>0$ for all $t$.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \begin{center}
    \leavevmode
    \epsfbox{ISCfig2.eps}
  \caption{The elementary mechanism for multiple spanning clusters
  in 2D critical models: a) strips 
  traversed by connecting paths alternate with strips traversed by 
  separating dual paths (which avoid the realized connections), b) long
  connected paths are formed through the intersection of elementary 
  crossing events.}
\label{fig:2D}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We view the above argument as part of the rich legacy of the
RSW theory.  This term refers  to a versatile
method for construction which in combination with
other insights has been employed
for a variety of far less elementary results:
non-percolation at $p_c$ \cite{R2}, sharpness
of the phase transition \cite{K1}, support for the
scaling theory \cite{K2} (all the above for 2D models),
some rigorous real space renormalization arguments \cite{ACCFR}
and some extension to higher dimensions \cite{ACCFR}.

Our main goal in this section is to present large--deviation
estimates for the probability that the number of clusters
spanning $[0,L]^{2}$ exceeds (or equals) a large number $n$.   

\masubsect{Bounds for the Number of ISC in 2D}

It is easy to be mislead about the large deviation asymptotics.
By an application of the van den Berg -- Kesten 
inequality 
\begin{equation}
	K_{L}(n) \ \le \ \left[ R_{L,1} \right]^n  
	 \ \le \ e^{- |\ln h(1)| \ 
	n }   \  ,
\label{sq.crossing}
\end{equation}
with $h(1)=1/2$ in the self--dual case.  Numerical 
results seem consistent with exponential decay in $n$
(of the form $e^{-Const.\ n}$) \cite{Sen}. 
Nevertheless the decay rate is different (faster).

\remark 
The inequality of van den Berg and Kesten \cite{vdBK}  states that for
independent percolation 
(or, generally, systems of independent variables)
the probability of the {\em disjoint occurrence} of two, 
or more, events 
(e.g., the existence of two separate connecting paths) is dominated
by the product of their probabilities.  The statement
is not obvious since {\em disjoint occurrence} does not 
refer to a-priori specified separate regions.  

The faster--than--exponential decay is caused by the 
mutual exclusion, which limits the clusters to reduced regions.
(For the lower bound seen in \eq{hoho} the clusters are produced in
disjoint strips).

\begin{thm}
In planar percolation models, at $p=p_{c}$ the 
probability there are at least $n$ separate spanning clusters
behaves as
\begin{equation}
	K_{L}(n) \   \left\{
   \begin{array}{cc} \ge & A \ e^{-\alpha \ n^{2}} \\
 					 \le &  \ e^{-\alpha' \ n^{2}}
    \end{array}   \right.
\label{n}
\end{equation}
(where the bounds involve different positive constants).
\end{thm}
\remark $Prob(\mbox{ exactly $n$ crossings })$  behaves just as
$Prob(\mbox{ at least $n$ crossings }) \equiv K_{L}(n)$, since the 
former is $K_{L}(n) - K_{L}(n+1)$, and (by the vdB-K inequality)
$K_{L}(n+1) \le K_{L}(1)\cdot K_{L}(n) \ (\  = K_L(n)/2 \  )$ .

\noindent{\bf Proof:}   The lower bound in \eq{n} is obtained through
the construction discussed above, supplementing \eq{hoho} with
the known fact that $h(t) \ge [\approx]  e^{-\alpha t}$ 
(proven by constructing a chain of 
$1\times 2$ brick  crossing events;  as  
seen in Figure 2.b  \cite{R,SW,R2, ACCFR}).

The upper bound is slightly more involved.  Let us first ask
how many distinct spanning clusters will be seen in a tall
strip $L_{h} \times L_{v}$ ($L_{v} > L_{h}$).  
It is natural to expect that the number, call it $ N_{L_{v},L_{h}} $
will typically 
be of the order of $L_{v}/L_{h}$, 
since, roughly,  there is a finite number of 
distinct crossings in each of the squares comprising the tall stack.
This motivates the following bound, which is proven below using 
Lemma \ref{crossing.lm},
\begin{equation}
 \P\left( N_{L_{h},L_{v}}\ge u \frac{L_v}{L_h} \right) \ 
   \le  \ e^{ - f(u) \times L_v/L_h}
	\label{expN}
\end{equation}
with  $f(u)>0$ for $u$ large enough.

For a moment, let us assume \eq{expN}.  To estimate  $K_{L}(n)$, 
we partition
the $L\times L$ square into $n/u$ vertical strips,
so that the height/base ratio satisfies 
$ n = u L / L_{h}$.  If the square is spanned by 
at least $n$ disconnected clusters, then that is also the case
for each of the vertical strips.  (Though the converse need 
not be true.)  These being independent events, 
the probability is bounded by:
\bea
	K_{L}(n) \ & \le & \ 
	\left[  e^{-f(u) \times \frac{n}{u} }\right]^{n/u} \nonumber \\
	& \le &   e^{-  \frac{f(u)}{u^2}\ n^2 } \  ,
	\label{expNN}
\eea
which concludes the proof of \eq{n}.


To prove the large -- deviations estimate \eq{expN} we first 
derive the following related statement.

\begin{lem}  
\begin{equation}
	\E_{p_c}\left(e^{t \ N_{L_{h},L_{v}}} \right) \ \le \ 
	e^{\phi(t)\frac{L_v}{L_h} }
\end{equation}
with $\phi(t) < \infty$ at least for $t$ small enough.
[A - posteriori, we'll know it to be finite for all $t$.]
$\E(--)$ represents here expectation value.
\label{crossing.lm}
\end{lem}
\proof 
To avoid more complicated analysis, we shall take advantage
of a convenient shortcut.  For $L$ given, let us count the
clusters connecting the left and right faces of the square,
allowing the paths to meander beyond the square into the entire
vertical strip of 
width $L$ containing it.  Let $\tilde{N}_L$ be the 
(random) number of distinct connecting clusters in the strip
with those characteristics.  
We claim that there is a function $\phi(t)$, 
finite for $t$ small enough, such that:
 \bea
  \E_c( e^{t \ \tilde{N}_L } ) \ &=& \ 
 	         1 + t \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{tx}\ 
 	       Prob( \tilde{N}_L \ge  x)  \ dx    \nonumber \\
 	       & \le & 	e^{\phi(t)}   \  .
 \eea 

The claim is based on two observations: 
i. $Prob( \tilde{N}_L \ge k ) \le 
Prob( \tilde{N}_L \ge 1 )^{k}$ (based on the vdB--K inequality),
and ii.  $Prob( \tilde{N}_L \ge 1)$ is  uniformly $< 1$
(a simple construction using the RSW theory).

A moment of reflection shows that the random variable $N_{L_h,L_v}$
is dominated, in the stochastic sense, by the sum of 
$L_{v}/L_{h}$ independent copies of $\tilde{N}_{L_h}$   [that is the 
short-cut.]  To see this, it is convenient to order the different
spanning clusters from the bottom up, and consider 
the distribution of the 
increments associated with the stack of 
the $L_{h}\times L_{h}$ squares.
Compared with the open case in which the clusters are free to use 
the entire vertical strip, the conditioned process is 
restricted by an excluded volume.


The relevant aspect of the stochastic--domination relation is: 
\bea
		\E\left(e^{t \ N_{L_{h},L_{v}}} \right) \ &\le& \ 
		\E\left(e^{t \ \tilde{N}_{L_h } }
		     \right)^{L_{v}/L_{h}} \nonumber \\
		& \le &  	e^{\phi(t) \frac{L_v}{L_h} }  \ ,
	\label{end.lm}
\eea 
as claimed above.

The remaining path from \eq{end.lm} to \eq{expN} involves the
 Chebyshev estimate:
\begin{equation}
	Prob\left( N_{L_{h},L_{v}}\ge u \ 
          \frac{L_v}{L_h} \right) \ \le \  
	 \E(e^{t \ N_{L_{h},L_{v}}}) \ e^{-t \  u \ L_{v}/L_{h}} \ 
	 \le \ e^{-[t u - \phi(t)] L_v / L_h}  \  ,
\end{equation}
which shows that \eq{expN} holds with $f(u)$ the Legendre transform:
\begin{equation}
	f(u)\  = \sup_{t}[ t u - \phi(t) ] \   \  . 
\end{equation} 
Since there are values of $t$ for which $\phi(t) < \infty$, $f(u)>0$ 
for $u$ large enough.


Let us end this section with a question.

\noindent{\bf Q:}  It is a standard conjecture that 
$ \kappa(n) \ = \   \lim_{L\to \infty} K_L(n)$ exists.  Can one 
prove the existence of the limit
\begin{equation}
	\lim_{n \to \infty}  \lim_{L\to \infty}
	     \frac{1}{n^2}\log K_L(n) \  ?
\end{equation} 
(With proper interpretation, this may be easier to prove
than than existence of $\kappa(n)$.)  \\
Better yet --- can one evaluate the limit ?  Conformal field theory 
\cite{Car}
could perhaps help here.
 
\bigskip

\bigskip
 
\masect{Above the Upper Critical Dimension} \vspace{-.6cm}
\masubsect{The Relevant Condition}

We shall now prove that in contrast with the situation in 2D,
above the upper critical dimension spanning clusters are sure to 
occur, and they proliferate 
in the way described in the introduction.  
A convenient sufficiency 
condition is that: \be d>6 \ee \noindent {\em and} the connectivity 
function defined by \eq{eta} (at $p=p_c$) satisfies: \be \tau(x,y) \  
\lg \ Const.  / \ |x-y|^{(d-2+\eta)}
  \label{t-c}
\ee
with
\be
 \eta = 0 \, .
 \label{eta0}
\ee

In this article, the relation ($\lg$) seen in \eq{t-c}
means that
\be
\tau(x,y) \ \ \left\{
   \begin{array}{cc} \le & C \ / \ |x-y|^{(d-2+\eta)} \\
 					 \ge & C'/ \ \ |x-y|^{(d-2+\eta)}
    \end{array}   \right.
\ee
with a pair of possibly distinct constants, $0<C' \le C< \infty$.

It is generally expected that $d>6 \Longrightarrow \eta=0$.
As mentioned in the introduction, there are mathematical results 
offering partial support to this claim, however some gaps remain 
\cite{HS} (reviewed in \cite{Sl}).
The statement which is established in ref. \cite{HS}
for high dimensional models is slightly weaker
than \eq{t-c} and \eq{eta0}, but sufficient for the ``triangle
condition'' of ref. \cite{AN} 
(``$\nabla$--diagram''($p_c$) $<\infty$).
A strategy which was successful in the derivation of some 
other results about the critical behavior in high dimensions 
was to base the analysis on such a weaker assumption
(proving ``$\nabla$-condition'' $\Longrightarrow$
$\gamma=1$ \cite{AN}, $\beta = 1$ and $\delta=2$ \cite{BA}).
We do not pursue that track here.  

\masubsect{The Number ($L^{d-6}$) and Size ($L^{4}$)
 of the  Spanning Clusters}

A convenient geometry for the study of spanning clusters is
that of the annular region  
$A_{L,s}=\Lambda_L\backslash\Lambda_{sL}$,
with $\Lambda_L=[-L,L]^d$, and $0<s<1$.   The region is enclosed
by the outer layer $B_L=\Lambda_{3/2 L}\backslash\Lambda_L$, 
and its hollow inner core is $D_L=\Lambda_{sL}$.
The number of clusters spanning $A_{L,s}$ can be presented as
\be
S_{L} = \mbox{
the number of connected clusters of $\Lambda_{3/2 L}$,
intersecting both $B_L$ and $D_L$} \ ,
\label{defS}
\ee

Our main result is:

\begin{thm}
In any dimension  $d>6$, if \eq{t-c} holds with $\eta=0$, then
\be
\P\left( S_{L} \ \ge \ o(1)L^{(d-6)} \right) \ \Ltoo \ 1 \ .
\label{4.6}
\ee
in the sense that \eq{4.6} holds for any function 
of L, denoted here $o(1)$, which tends to $0$ as $L \to \infty$.
\label{thm4}
\end{thm}

The proliferation of the spanning clusters bears
some relation to the fact that they are ``fractal''  objects.
It is often stated that their dimension reaches $D=4$ 
and it remains at this value, as the lattice dimension
is increased over the  upper critical dimension $d=6$
(\cite{AGK, Alex, Con}).
The following statement offers some rigorous support to this claim.

\begin{thm}
In $d>6$  dimensions, assuming the power--low behavior (\eq{t-c}) 
with $\eta=0$,
\be
\P\left(|\C_{max}| \ 
\begin{array}{ll}
	\le &  \ c \ \log L\ \cdot L^4   \\
	\ge & \ o(1) \ L^{4}
\end{array}
  \right) \ \Ltoo 1
\label{4.7}
\ee
where  
$|\C_{max}|=\max\{|\C| : \C$ a connected cluster in $\Lambda_L$\},
$c$ is a (sufficiently large) finite constant, and $o(1)$ is to 
be interpreted as in Theorem \ref{thm4}.
\label{thm5}
\end{thm}

In the derivation of these results we make use of the diagrammatic
bounds of ref. \cite{AN}.  
The most elementary of these is the tree--diagram
bound, which directly yields:

\begin{lem}  In any dimension, assuming the power-low behavior
\eq{t-c}, for any $k\ge 2$
\be
\E_{p_c}\left(\sum_{\C \subset \Lambda_{L}} |\C|^k \right) \ \le \ 
\E_{p_c}\left(|\C_{max}|^k \right) \ \le
        \ k!  \ C_d^k \cdot 
L^{d-6+3\eta} \cdot L^{(4-2\eta)k}
\label{C-moments}
\ee
where $\C$ refers to the connected clusters.
\label{lm6}
\end{lem}
 
Somewhat less immediate is the {\em lower bound} seen 
in the following  intermediate statement.

\begin{lem}  In any dimension $d>6$, if \eq{t-c} holds with $\eta=0$, 
then for $k=2,3$ 
\be
\P\left( \sum |\C|^k \  \ 
		\begin{array}{ll}
			\le & \ 1/o(1) \\
			\ge & \ o(1) 
		\end{array}
\times \   L^{(d-6)} \ L^{k \cdot 4} \right) \ \Ltoo \ 1 
\label{Ck}
\ee
\label{lm7}
where the sum is over the connected clusters 
$\C \subset \Lambda_{3/2L}$.

Furthermore, for $k=2$ the lower bound holds also when the sum is 
restricted to the spanning clusters 
($\sum \mbox{}^{(sp)} \ |\C|^2 $), 
as defined in \eq{defS}.
\end{lem}

 Before deriving the two Lemmas (in the next subsection), let 
us go over the deductions of the 
Theorems (\ref{thm4} and \ref{thm5}). 

To estimate $S$ from below, we use the fact that
in each realization,
\be
S_{L} \ \ge \
\frac{\left( \sum^{(sp)} |\C|^2\right)^3}
{\left( \sum^{(sp)} |\C|^3\right)^2}
\label{holderS}
\ee
where the sums $\sum^{(sp)}$ are over the set of the spanning
connected clusters, whose number is $S_{L}$.
The above is implied by the H\"older
inequality: $\sum |\C|^2 \le \left( \sum |\C|^3\right)^{2/3} \
\left( \sum 1 \right)^{1/3}$.   Readers may note that the
bound is dimensionally well balanced.  Upon the substitution of
the typical values of the two sums, as provided by  Lemma \ref{lm7}, 
one obtains Theorem \ref{thm4}.

Similarly,
\begin{equation}	
	|\C|_{max} \ \ge \
\frac{ \sum |\C|^3}{\sum |\C|^2}
\end{equation}
provides the lower bound, $|\C_{max}|\ge o(1) L^{4}$, claimed 
in Thm. \ref{thm5}. 

We deduce that 
 $|\C_{max}|$ is typically not much larger than $L^{4}$, 
from the rate of growth of the moments described in lemma \ref{lm6}, 
combined with the Chebyshev inequality: \be \P\left( |\C_{max}| \ge 
\alpha(L) \cdot L^\lambda \right) \ \le \ \frac{\E\left(|\C_{max}|^k 
\right) }{\alpha(L)^k \cdot L^{k\lambda}} \ .
\label{chebyshev}
   \ee
A comparison with Lemma \ref{lm6} shows that a natural choice is 
$\lambda = (4-2\eta)$ and $\alpha(L) = a \log L$.   
Optimizing over $k$ 
(chosen so that $k \approx \alpha(L)/C_d$ ), one learns that 
\be
\P\left(|\C_{max}|\le a\ \log L\cdot L^{(4-2\eta)}
 \right) \Ltoo 1 \ ,
\ee
provided $a > C_d (d-6+3\eta)$.
This proves the last part of (\eq{4.7}), in 
a somewhat more general form.

\masubsect{Derivation of the Moment Bounds}

We start from the elementary but important identity
\bea
\E\left( \sum \mbox{}^{[(sp)]} \ |\C|^k \right)  \ &=
 &\ \E\left( \sum_{\C} \mbox{}^{[(sp)]}\sum_{x_{1},\ldots,x_{k}} 
   \I[x_{1}\in \C]\ \ldots \I[x_{k}\in \C]  \right) 
 \nonumber \\
& = & \ \E\left( \sum_{x_{1},\ldots,x_{k}}
\I[\mbox{ $x_{1},\ldots, x_{k}$ belong to a common 
[spanning] cluster}]  
\right)  \nonumber \\
& = & \sum_{x_{1},\ldots,x_{k}}\tau^{[(sp)]}(x_{1},\ldots, x_{k})
\label{c^identity} 
\eea
where $\I$[--] is an indicator function and 
$\tau_k^{[(sp)]}(x_1,...,x_k)$ is the 
probability that the $k$ points are all
connected, with the optional restriction to spanning clusters.

%%%%%   Figure 3 %%%%%%%%%%%
%
\begin{figure}[ht]
    \begin{center}
    \leavevmode
    \epsfbox{ISCfig3.eps}
\caption{
The inequality used for estimating the variance of $\sum |\C|^{2}$.
The truncation adds in the diagram two vertices and three lines.  
The result is an extra factor of  $Const./L^{d-6+3\eta}$, 
which above the upper critical dimension tends to $0$ for large 
separations.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%%%%%%%% 

Next, the argument will employ a number of diagrammatic bounds on 
the  connectivity functions, following the 
approach presented in ref. \cite{AN}.
The technique has been further simplified through the development of 
the van den Berg -- Kesten 
inequality \cite{vdBK} mentioned in Section 3.

\noindent {\bf Proof of Lemma \ref{lm6}} (following ref. \cite{AN}):
The tree--diagram bound \cite{AN} states 
that $\tau_{k}(x_{1},\ldots,x_{k})$ is
dominated by the sum of products of 
the two point function $\tau(u,v)$, arranged in the form of tree 
diagrams with the external vertices $ x_1, ..., x_k $. 
Its intuitive explanation is that in order for the given 
$k$ sites to be connected there has to be a connecting tree.  
The vdB-K inequality \cite{vdBK} 
(or the alternative argument which was originally used in 
ref.\cite{AN}) permits to 
bound the probability by the sum over the 
corresponding tree diagrams.
(The bound is not totally obvious since it involves sum over tree 
diagrams, and not tree graphs, i.e., 
all trees embedded in the lattice.
The latter sum is much too large.)

For $k=3$ the inequality is:
\be  
\tau_3(x_1, x_2, x_3) \ \le \
   \sum_u \tau(x_1,u) \  \tau(x_2,u) \  \tau(x_3,u)  \ .
\label{treegraph}
\ee
For general $k\ge 3$ there are $(2k-5)!! \le 2^{k} k!$ 
tree graphs for 
each set of the external
vertices, and each diagram has  $(2k-2)$ 
vertices (external $+$ internal) 
and $(2k-3)$ lines.  The sum yields:
\be
\E\left( \sum \ |\C|^k \right)  \ \le \ k! \ C_d^k \cdot 
 L^{d(2k-2)} / L^{(4-2\eta)k} \ = \ k! \ C_d^k \cdot L^{d-6+3\eta} 
  \cdot L^{(4-2\eta)k}  \ .
\label{sumk}
\ee
That implies Lemma \ref{lm6}, since 
$\E\left(|\C_{max}|^k \right) \le \E\left( \sum \ |\C|^k \right)$.

To prove Lemma \ref{lm7} we need a slightly more delicate 
estimate, of the difference between two
comparable terms (which under the right conditions 
would form a small reminder).  Following is that auxiliary
result.

%%%%%   Figure 4 %%%%%%%%%%%
%
\begin{figure}[ht]
    \begin{center}
    \leavevmode
    \epsfbox{ISCfig4.eps}
\caption{The inequality used in the bound on 
Var($\sum |\C|^3$).  Again, the truncation adds to the graph 
two extra sites and three extra lines and thus results in the
multiplicative factor  $Const./ L^{d-6+3\eta}$, as in Fig. 3. }
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%%%%%%%%

\begin{lem}  For independent percolation on any graph,
\bea
0\ &\le& \	Prob\left(
	\begin{array}{l}
	 \mbox{$\{x_{1},x_{2}\}$ and $\{y_{1},y_{2}\}$}  \\
		\mbox{are pairwise connected}
	\end{array} 	\right) \ - \ \tau(x_{1},x_{2}) 
	\times \tau(y_{1},y_{2})  
	\le \\
	&\le & \sum_{u,v} \tau(x_{1},u) \ \tau(y_{1},u) \ 
	 \tau(v,u) \ \tau(v,x_{2})
	\ \tau(v,y_{2}) \ + 
	\ [y_{1} \leftrightarrow y_{2} \mbox{ permutation }]  \nonumber 
	\label{A.18}  
\eea
and, for $\tau_{3}(...)$:
\bea
 & &	Prob\left(
	\begin{array}{l}
		\mbox{$x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}$ are all connected}  \\
		\mbox{and so are $y_{1},y_{2},y_{3}$}
	\end{array} 	\right) \ - \ 
	\tau_{3}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}) \ \tau_{3}(y_{1},y_{2},y_{3})  \ \le 
	\nonumber \\
	 &\le& \sum_{u,v} \tau(x_{1},u)\ \tau_{3}(u,x_{2},x_{3}) \ 
	        \tau(v,u) \ \tau(v, y_{1})
	         \ \tau_{3}(v,y_{2},y_{3})  \ + \\
	        & & \  \qquad + \ [\mbox{ permutations }]\ .
     \nonumber 	\label{A.19}  
\eea
(as depicted in Figure 4).
\label{trunclemma}
\end{lem}
{\bf Proof of Lemma \ref{trunclemma}:} The positivity is 
obtained by the standard monotonicity argument 
(the Harris -- FKG inequality 
\cite{Har, FKG}): the probability of the simultaneous connection of 
the two pairs is greater that the product of probabilities.  In the 
opposite direction, the probability of 
disjoint connections is smaller 
than the product which is subtracted (vdB-K inequality).  Thus, we 
need to focus on the remaining situation: each of the k-tuples is 
interconnected, but not disjointly.  In each such configuration there 
is a tree subgraph connecting all the $2k$ vertices.  The tree is 
bound to have a link whose removal will split it into two subgraphs, 
of equal numbers of sites.  Let $\{u,v\}$ be the vertices of that 
link.  There is a further constraint that this link cannot separate 
the $x-$sites from the $y$-sites.  
Finally, we note that for each such 
tree, there is a collection of clusters which are connected 
disjointly, as indicated in Figure 3 and Figure 4.  The stated claim 
follows by an application of the afore mentioned vdB--K inequality 
\cite{vdBK}.  (The result directly generalizes to higher values of 
$k$.)

\noindent {\bf Proof of Lemma \ref{lm7}}  
The upper bounds in \eq{Ck} are a direct consequence of  
\eq{sumk} (via the Chebyshev inequality).  It remains only to prove 
that typically the sums $\sum {}^{[(sp)]} |\C|^{k}$ are not below the 
claimed level.

Let us consider first the case $k=2$.
  Starting from the $|\C|^2$ version of
the identity \eq{c^identity}, it is easy to see that:
\be
 \sum \mbox{}^{(sp)} \ |\C|^2   \ \ge  \
2 \sum_{x\in B_L, \ y \in D_L}
 \I[\mbox{ $x$ and $y$ are connected }] \
:= \ K \ ,
\label{K}
\ee
where $K$ is defined by the sum.
The mean value of $K$ is easily determined:
\bea
\E( K ) \ &=& \ \sum_{x\in B_L, \ y \in D_L}
\tau(x,y) \nonumber \\
& \lg & \mbox{Const.} \ L^{2d} / L^{d-2+\eta} =
\mbox{Const.} \ L^{d+2-\eta}.
\label{4.15}
\eea

The corresponding expressions for the 
second moment, and for the variance,
are:
\be
\E( K^{2} ) \ = \ \sum_{ 
\begin{array}{l}
	x_1, x_2 \in B_L  \\
	y_1, y_2 \in D_L
\end{array}     }
\ Prob\left( \mbox{$x_{1}$ is connected to $y_{1}$, and $x_{2}$ is
         connected to  $y_{2}$ } \right)
\ee
and 
\bea
	Var(K) &=& \ \E( K^{2} ) - \E(K)^{2} \ = \  \   \\
	& = & \sum_{ 
\begin{array}{l}
	x_1, x_2 \in B_L  \\
	y_1, y_2 \in D_L
\end{array}     }   \left[
  Prob\left( 
\begin{array}{l}
	\mbox{$\{x_{1}, y_{1}\}$ and  $\{x_{2}, y_{2}\}$ } \\
	\mbox{are pairwise connected}
\end{array} \right)  - \ \tau(x_{1}, y_{1}) \times \tau(x_{2}, 
y_{2}) \right] \ .
	\nonumber 
\eea

Using \eq{A.18} of Lemma \ref{trunclemma}, we obtain the 
following estimate:
\bea
\E\left|\frac{K}{\E(K)} - 1\right|^2 \ &=& \
\frac{\E(K^2) - \left| \E(K) \right|^2}{\left| \E(K) \right|^2} 
\nonumber   \\
 &\le& \mbox{Const.} \ L^{2d} / L^{3(d-2+\eta)} \ = \
 \frac{\mbox{Const.}}{ L^{d-6+3\eta} } \ .
 \label{4.17}
\eea
Under the right conditions, 
this implies implies that only very seldom 
will $K$ differ  by a significant factor from the  mean $\E(K)$. 

We can proceed only under the assumption that $d-6+3\eta > 0$, for
otherwise the last bound still allows the typical values of $K/\E(K)$
to be arbitrarily small.  That however is ruled out
if the right side of \eq{4.17} is $o(1)$, in which case 
there is a constant $b>0$ (determined through \eq{4.15}) for which
\be
Prob\left( K \ \ge \
b\ L^{(d+2-\eta)} \right) \ \Ltoo \ 1  \ .
\ee
Since $\sum \mbox{}^{(sp)} \ |\C|^2 \ge K$ 
that implies the lower bound claimed in \eq{Ck},
for $k=2$.  

The analysis of the case $k=3$ is very similar, with $K$ replaced by
$\sum |\C|^{3}$ and \eq{A.18} by \eq{A.19}.   The notable fact is
that in both cases the ``truncation'' results diagrammatically  
in the addition of {\em two sites} 
and {\em three lines}, which translates to  
the multiplicative factor $Const. \ L^{2d} /  L^{3(d-2+\eta)} 
=Const. /  \  L^{d-6+3\eta}$.


\noindent {\bf Remarks:} 
{\em 1.}Purists may note that the above proof, that 
spanning is certain, actually requires 
only the weaker condition:
\be
d-6+3\eta \ge 0  \; ,
\label{d-6+3eta} 
\ee
under which the conclusion is that the number of spanning clusters
is typically greater than $o(1) L^{d-6+3\eta}$.  This can be turned 
around to say that in dimensions in which the spanning probability 
does not tend to $1$: $ \eta \le \frac{6-d}{3} $.  The importance of 
this improvement is dimmed by the fact that according to numerical 
estimates $\eta < 0$ for $d = 3, 4, 5$.

{\em 2.  } It is natural at this point to enquire about an upper bound 
on the number of spanning clusters.  Comparing Lemma \ref{lm7} with 
Theorem \ref{thm5}, we see that for counting clusters whose volume is 
comparable to the maximal the lower bound we got is sharp up to 
$\times L^{o(1)}$.  However our estimates will not detect the presence 
of a large number (larger that $L^{d-6}$, but not too large) of 
sufficiently thin spanning clusters.

\newpage

\masect{The IIC, the ISC, and the Scaling Limit} \label{IIC-ISC}

\masubsect{The Microscopic and the Macroscopic Perspectives}

In this section we place the above results in the 
context of the interplay between the different scales 
on which the system can be viewed.

While percolation models are often presented on an infinite 
lattice, many of the interesting questions 
relate to finite, though large,
systems.  There are therefore at least two scales of interest 
(we focus on two but it will also be interesting to bring in a third, 
intermediate scale, which could allow a better mathematical expression 
of the renormalization group approach):
\begin{itemize}
\item[i.] The {\em microscopic scale,\/ } for which the unit length 
($a$)
is the lattice spacing, or the size of the dots in the random dot 
model.  This is the scale on which the elementary connections are 
defined.

\item[ii.] The {\em macroscopic scale,\/ } for which the unit length 
could be the system's width ($L$).  This is the scale of the clusters 
on which we focused.  Of particular  
interest are the clusters which connect two different boundary faces.
We generically refer to those as spanning clusters (in different 
geometries, see Fig. 1).
\end{itemize}

The situation in which $L >> a $ appears rather differently from the 
two perspectives.

On the microscopic scale the entire system appears vast, and it is 
mathematically advantageous to consider it infinite, and homogeneous 
(in either a deterministic or a stochastic sense).  The limit 
$L/a \to \infty $ is described by an infinite percolation model, 
possibly on a lattice.  The IIC is naturally seen from that 
perspective. 

On the macroscopic scale, the situation $L/a >> 1 $ is expressed through
the {\em scaling limit}  $a \to 0$.
This limit lends itself naturally to the discussion of the 
higher symmetry, including possibly conformal invariance,
which seems to emerge on the large scales in the 
critical regime.

The random objects visible on the macroscopic
 scale are the spanning clusters and 
other clusters of linear extent comparable with the system's size
(longer that $sL$ for any fixed $0<s<1$).  In the scaling limit
the clusters have the appearance of 
fractal objects.  Although, it might be noted,
the standard description of fractals does not capture the relevant 
information on the realized connections, and a new formalism is 
required.  (A proposal is presented in \cite{A_Web} and work in 
progress.)
It is  also of interest to take the double limit:  
$a \to 0$ and $L \to \infty$, which is needed if one wants
to ask about percolation in the scaling limit.

%\masubsect{Definition(s) of the IIC}

The Incipient Infinite Cluster, defined along the lines 
of Kesten \cite{K3},  can be regarded as the mathematical 
description of the large clusters on the microscopic scale, viewed 
from the perspective of their typical sites.  
One may guess that the following three
algorithms for the construction of a probability measure of 
the percolation 
model in which a chosen site is constrained to be connected to 
infinity, will have common limits.  The infinite cluster
seen there is the IIC, and the limiting measure will provide its 
probabilistic description.
\begin{itemize}
\item[a.] Generate the probability distribution for a random 
environment by a two step procedure. First pick a typical random 
configuration, and then center it relative to one of the sites on the 
large clusters, sampling with equal weights over all the sites 
connected to the boundary of $[0,L]^d$ -- excluding those too close 
to 
it, e.g., closer than $sL$ with some fixed $0<s<1$. 
\item[b.] Take 
the conditional distribution conditioned on the origin being connected 
distance $L$ away, and let $L \to \infty$.  
\item[c.] Raise $p$ over 
$p_{c}$, condition on the origin being in the infinite cluster (which 
now exists), and let $p \searrow p_{c}$.
\end{itemize}  

For 2D, Kesten \cite{K3} proved the convergence and equality of 
the limits {\em b.\/} and {\em c\/}. 
Presumably, the method should cover also  {\em a.\/}   
(which seems to be the most efficient for simulations).
While the result 
was not yet extended to higher dimensions, it is expected to be true 
for general $d>1$.  Regardless of that, under the assumption 
$P_{\infty}(p_{c})=0$ one can prove that in each of the constructions, 
the limiting measure will exhibit exactly one infinite cluster (for 
$p=p_c$).  This uniqueness, however, is not the consequence of any of 
the uniqueness results cited above, since the measure(s) are neither 
regular nor translation invariant.

The ISC on the other hand are in general non-unique, as
is proven in Section 2.  
One may be puzzled by the 
disappearance of the different Incipient Spanning Clusters in the 
construction of the IIC.  The answer lies in the observation 
that the infinite lattice captures only the microscopic scale,
and represents only a vanishingly small fraction of the bulk.  In 
a sense seen precisely in the theory of measurability in product 
spaces, the standard infinite system (e.g., the lattice) is just the 
collection of all regions which remain at fixed microscopic--scale 
distances 
from the point represented by the origin.  The different ISC are at 
larger distances apart.

%\masubsect{ISC in the scaling limit}
Regarding the scaling limits of the Spanning Clusters (not just at $p_c$),
it is natural to expect that for any $0<p<1$ one would find
just one of the three possibilities, which would be equally valid,
with probability which tends to one, 
for any bulk shape of the type seen in Fig. 1.
\begin{itemize}
\item[i.] No clusters attain size visible in the scaling limit.
\item[ii.] There is a unique macroscopic connected cluster 
filling the 
region densely (in the macroscopic--scale sense).  
\item[iii.] Multiple 
clusters with macroscopic--scale diameters will be seen in any 
rectangular region (regardless of its aspect ratio).
\end{itemize}

Existing results permit one to easily deduce:
\begin{eqnarray}
	p < p_c & \Longrightarrow & \mbox{alternative i.}
	\nonumber  \\  
    p > p_c & \Longrightarrow & \mbox{alternative ii.  
    (see Appendix C)}  \\  
    \mbox{for 2D:} \  p = p_c & \Longrightarrow & \mbox{alternative iii.    
    (see Section 3)}
	\nonumber  
\end{eqnarray}
and in Section 2 we established:
\begin{eqnarray}
	 \mbox{any $d >1$:} \ \ \  p = p_c & \Longrightarrow & 
	 \mbox{a restricted alternative iii.  }
\end{eqnarray} 
The restriction is to rectangular regions with a conveniently small 
aspect ratio.  
Since the discussion refers to the scaling
limit, it seems most natural to expect the restriction to be
irrelevant in any dimension, though that is not proven here.
Such a result will amount to a significant extension
of the theory of Russo \cite{R} and Seymour and Welsh \cite{SW}, 
which is based on intrinsically 2D arguments.

\masubsect{Distinction between Type I and Type II Models}

We shall not discuss here the 
interesting question of what mathematical 
object will provide a suitable 
description of the structure emerging in the continuum limit.  
Let us, however, point out that a distinction ought 
to be made between two classes of critical models.   
We characterize them as follows.

\begin{itemize}
\item {\em Type I models:} The function
\begin{equation}
	\limsup_{L\to \infty} \P\left(
	\begin{array}{l}
		\mbox{the set $[-sL,sL]^d$ is connected}  \\
		\mbox{to the boundary of $[-L,L]^d$}
	\end{array}
	   \right) \ =  \tilde{h}(s) \  
\label{5.1}
\end{equation}
is strictly less than one; in which case 
$\lim_{s\to \infty} \tilde{h}(s)=0 $. 

\item {\em Type II models}:  For any tubular regime $T$,
\begin{equation}
	 \lim_{s\to \infty} \P\left(
	 \begin{array}{l}
	 	\mbox{the tube  $T_L$ is traversed}  \\
	 	\mbox{by a connected cluster}
	 \end{array} \right) \ = 1 \  ,   
\label{5.2}
\end{equation}
where $T_L$ is the blow--up of the tube $T$ by the factor $L$.
\end{itemize}
\noindent ({\em Question:\/}  is all else ruled out.)

When viewed on the macroscopic scale, models of Type I exhibit
many clusters of still visible size, but none of 
them is  infinite.   The scaling limit of ISC in such models can be 
formulated along the lines discussed in ref. \cite{A_Web} 
(and work in progress).

In Type II models, the clusters visible on the macroscopic scale are 
qualitatively different than in Type I.  Since for any two open sets
of macroscopic size the probability of connection tends to $1$ (as
$a \to 0$),  the scaling limit, when properly defined,
ought to exhibit percolation at the threshold.

%\masubsect{Non-uniqueness of the Infinite Cluster in the 
%Scaling Limits  in High Dimensions}

The high--dimensional percolation models 
discussed in Section 4 are of Type II.
Their continuum limit has still to be fully formulated (initial 
steps were already taken \cite{Al1, Al2,DS}).  The 
results discussed in Section 4 allow one to foresee 
that the limit will exhibit two  features to which we are not 
accustomed in lattice percolation models:

\begin{itemize}
\item Percolation at the critical point.
\item Infinitely many infinite clusters.
\end{itemize}

The latter  may surprise one familiar with the general uniqueness 
Theorem  
of Burton and Kean \cite{BK}.  However, it should be appreciated that 
the BK result requires discreteness and regularity, on the 
corresponding scale, which are lost in the continuum limit.

\newpage

\startappendix 
\maappendix{The Relation between Proliferation 
of ISC and Hyperscaling}

The proliferation of the Incipient
Spanning Clusters is related to the breakdown of ``hyperscaling''.  
In order to clarify this relation, we recapitulate here  
the heuristic basis of the scaling and hyperscaling relations. 
Different variants of the argument can be found in the literature
\cite{Con,AGK,SA}.   The one given below is cast in terms
of quantities which are studied rigorously in this work.  However,
unlike in the rest of this paper, in this section we do not present 
rigorous results.  (Rigorous results on scaling relations
exist for $d=2$ \cite{K2} and $d>d_{u.c.}$ -- as mentioned in Sect.4)

The scaling relations of some of the critical exponents can be 
explained by the following picture.  
The first--line assumption, related to the 
self--similarity, is that the relevant quantities
scale by power laws.  Next:

\begin{enumerate}
	\item  For critical models, there are about $L^\#$ clusters in 
	$\Lambda_L$ with diameters of order $L$, and their volumes
	(defined on the U-V/lattice scale) are of the order of $L^D$.  
	If exceptions occur, it is assumed that they 
	do not affect the cluster statistics by more than 
	 $\times L^{o(1)}$. 
    The quantities we shall look at are
	\begin{equation}
	  \E\left( \sum_{\C\in\Lambda_L}
	      |\C|^k \ \I[\mbox{diam}(\C)\ge wL] \right)
		\label{A.1}
	\end{equation} 
	with ${\em w} < 1$, fixed as $L\to\infty$, and $k=1,2$. 
	  
	\item  For $p<p_c$ there is a characteristic length
	\be
       \xi(p) \ \approx \ (p_c-p)^{- \nu_{-}}
    \label{xi}
    \ee
   such that: 
   {\em i.\/} Only a fraction (say $1/3$, or 
   even up to $(1-L^{-o(1)})$)  
   of the mean value of the 
   cluster size $|\C(0)|$ is from distances greater than $\xi$.  \\  
   {\em ii.\/} Within the distance $\xi$, the two point function 
   $\tau_p(0,x)$ is comparable (in the sense of bounded ratios) with 
   its value at the critical point, $\tau_{p_c}(0,x)$.   
   
   Note that the mean cluster size and the two point function
   are in the direct  relation:
   \be
   \sum_x \tau_p(o,x) = \E_p(|\C(0)|)  \ \left( \approx 
   (p_{c}-p)^{-\gamma} \right) \  .
   \ee 

    \item  For $p>p_c$ the density of the infinite cluster, $M(p)$,  
    scales as
	  \be
	  M(p)\ \approx \ (p-p_c)^\beta 
	  \ee
	  and there is a characteristic length $\xi(p) \ 
	   \approx \ (p-p_c)^{\nu_{+}}$
    such that $M(p)$ is of the order of the volume-fraction
    of $\Lambda_\xi$ which at $p=p_c$ belongs to clusters of 
    diameters comparable  
	with $\xi$ (i.e., Incipient Spanning Clusters on scale $\xi$).  
	
\end{enumerate}

\noindent Let us include in the list the assumption:
\begin{enumerate}
	\item[4.]    
	\be
	 \nu_{+}=\nu_{-}   \  ,
	 \label{nu}
	\ee
	\end{enumerate}
\noindent which is not essential for the picture 
presented here of hyperscaling, 
but seems to incorporate empirical observations, and fits well in the 
standard scaling ansatz. 

We shall compare now different ways of evaluating two quantities.  
First, let us look at
\be
\sum_{
	\begin{array}{l}
		 \C \mbox{ c.c. in } \Lambda_{L} \\
		\mbox{diam}\C \ge wL
	\end{array}   }  |\C|
\ = \ \sum_{x\in\Lambda} \I[\mbox{diam}\C(x) \ge wL]     \  .
\ee
Under the assumption {\em 3.} the mean value
of the expression on the right scales as $L^{d} L^{\beta/\nu_{+} }$.  
On the other hand, assuming {\em 1.}, the expression on the left
 scales as  $L^{\#}L^{D}$.  
Thus:
\be
 \mbox{\#}+D \ = \ d + \frac{\beta}{\nu_{+}}  
\label{5.7}
\ee

Next, consider 
\begin{equation}
	\sum_{\C \mbox{ c.c. in } \Lambda_{L}} |\C|^{2} \ =
	\ \sum_{x,y \in \Lambda_{L}} \I[\mbox{ $x$ and $y$ are 
	connected }] \ =
	\ \sum_{x\in \Lambda_{L}} |\C(x) \cap \Lambda | 
\end{equation}
Each of the expressions suggests a different method for evaluating
the 
mean value.  Using: {\em 1.} for the leftmost, the definition of 
$\eta$ (\eq{eta}) for the next, and the assumption {\em 2.} for the 
rightmost, one is led to: \be L^{\#}L^{2D}\ = \ L^{2d}/L^{d-2+\eta} \  
= \ L^{d}L^{\gamma/\nu_{-}} .  \ee i.e.,
\begin{equation}
	\mbox{\#} + 2D = d+2-\eta \ =\ d + \gamma/\nu_{-} \  .
\label{5.10}
\end{equation}

A convenient rearrangement of the information 
(equations (\ref{5.7}) and
(\ref{5.10}), incorporating {\em 4.}) is:
\bea 
  \fbox{ $ 2 - \eta = \gamma / \nu $ } & & \mbox{(scaling relation)} 
              \label{scaling} \\
	        \fbox{ $ D = \frac{\beta + \gamma}{\nu} $ }  &  &
	\mbox{(dimension of the  incipient spanning clusters)} \\
        	\fbox{ \# $= d - \frac{2\beta + \gamma}{\nu} $ }   & &
	        \mbox{(ISC proliferation exponent)} 
	          \label{hyperscaling relation}
	\eea
For independent 
percolation the proliferation exponent \# vanishes in 2D, 
and apparently also in all dimensions $d \le 6$. 
In such situations we get one more 
equation, which exhibits $d$ along the standard exponents,
and hence is called ``hyperscaling'':
\be
\fbox{ \# $=0$ , or $\ d - \frac{2\beta + \gamma}{\nu} = 0$ } 
\hspace{.3in} 
\mbox{(hyperscaling relation)} 
\ee
(That brings it to four equations for six quantities.)

Thus, the {\em breakdown of hyperscaling} is intimately related with 
the proliferation of the Incipient Spanning Clusters.  However, its 
validity does not require uniqueness --- just that the number of 
``macroscopic'' clusters be typically smaller than any power of $L$, 
or have a finite limit in a probabilistic sense.

\noindent {\bf Remarks:} {\em 1.\/} It is easy to 
incorporate in this picture  other 
 exponents, which were not listed above.  To make 
the list less incomplete, let us mention:
\be
\begin{array}{ccrl}
	\P\left( |\C(0)| \ge n \right) \approx n^{-(1/\delta)} & 
	\hspace{.5in} & \delta &= \frac{D\nu}{\beta}  \\
	 & & & \\ 
	  \frac{\mbox{card} \left\{ \C \subset \Lambda_{L} \ :\ 
      \mbox{diam } \C \ \ge\  wL  \right\} }{|\Lambda_L|} \ 
     \approx  \ (p_c-p)^{2-\alpha}    &   &  2-\alpha  
     & =   \nu(d-\mbox{\#}) \\
  &   &  & ( = 2 \beta + \gamma \ )   \  .
\end{array} 
\ee  
where we gave the definition 
(for  $\alpha$ not quite the standard one),
and a scaling relation derived along the above lines.

{\em 2.\/} The above discussion is relevant 
also for the Ising and Potts spin models, 
since the heuristic arguments 
described here make equal sense in the broader context of the
Fortuin -- Kasteleyn \cite{FK} random--cluster models.
The resulting scaling relations 
are the same in term of the recognizable characteristic exponents,
except that $d_{u.c.}$ is different and 
the significance of \# is lost if one is not aware of
the geometric structure behind the spin correlations.  (For Ising
spin systems, hyperscaling has also another connotation: 
its breakdown
implies that the scaling limit is 
a Gaussian random field \cite{A1,Bkr}).  
 
\newpage

\maappendix{Existence of Spanning Clusters in Critical Models}

In this Appendix, we prove Theorem 1, of Section 2.
A key role is played by the following estimate.  Both may be 
assumed to be known to experts.

\noindent {\em Claim:} 
In dimension $d>1$, for all $ s \le 1/3$:
\be
  Q_{L,s} \equiv \P\left(
	\begin{array}{l}
		\mbox{the set $[-sL,sL]^d$ is connected}  \\
		\mbox{to the boundary of $[-L,L]^d$}
	\end{array}  
	 \right) \ \ge \ C_d \ s^{(d-1)/2} \ .
\label{claim}
\ee
\noindent {\em Proof of the Claim:}  By monotonicity,
we may assume that $1/s$ is an integer. We shall show that if
\eq{claim} (with $C_{d}$ to 
be specified shortly) fails for some $L$ , then
the connectivity function decays exponentially (at distances $>> L$).  
That is well known to be in contradiction
with the condition $p=p_c$ \cite{Ham, AN}.   

To make the deduction, 
partition the lattice into cubic blocks of (linear) size $sL$.
For each self-avoiding path linking a site $x$ with $y$, 
let us associate a sequence 
of $sL$ blocks,  which are at distances approximately L apart, by the 
following algorithm.  
The zero-th block is the one containing $x$.  Next
is the block which the path reaches when it hits the boundary of 
the cube of size $(4+s)L$ concentric with the first block, and so on:
once a stopping point and a block are selected, we center on the $sL$ 
block a large cube of size $(4+s)L$, and
let the next stopping point be the exist site, and the next block be
the corresponding element of the lattice cubic partition.
Notice that for each block in this sequence, 
other than the end points,
the event seen in 
\eq{claim} occurs twice (at the end points once) and disjointly so.
The van den Berg - Kesten inequality [vdBK], which is described 
above, permits to deduce that the probability that 
$x$ and $y$ are connected by a self--avoiding path which 
corresponds to given sequence of $(k+1)$ blocks, 
is $\le Q_{L,s}^{2K}$.
Summing over the possibilities we get:
\bea
\tau(x,y) \ &\equiv 
& \ \P\left( \mbox{ $x$ and $y$ are connected } \right)
 \nonumber \\
\ & \le &  \sum_{k \ge |x-y|/(2L)}
 \left[ 2d\ 5^{d-1}\ \frac{1}{s^{d-1}} \ 
Q_{L,s}^{2} \right]^{K} 
\le  Const. \  e^{-\mu |x-y|} \  , 
\eea
with $\mu > 0$ if $\ 2d\ 5^{d-1}\ \frac{1}{s^{d-1}} \ 
Q_{L,s}^{2} < 1$. Since $\mu = 0$ 
at the critical point (\cite{Ham, AN}), 
we deduce that \eq{claim} holds, with $C_{d}= \sqrt{2d} 5^{(d-1)/2}$.

\noindent {\bf Proof of Theorem 1:}  If the probability that 
that the slab $S_{L,t}$ is traversed is very small, then so will be
 $Q_{L/2,s}$ for $s=1/2-t$.  To quantify that, 
let us consider two concentric cubes, $[-L/2,L/2]^{d}$ and 
$[-sL/2,sL/2]^{d}$.  If none of the 
$2d$ similar slabs
which enclose the smaller cube is spanned (in the short direction)
then that inner cube is not connected to the outer's boundary.
Since the $2d$ events are positively correlated (\cite{Har,FKG}), 
the probability of their simultaneous occurrence is greater than
the product.  Thus:
\begin{equation}
   \left[ 1 - Q_{L/2,s}  \right]^{2d}  \  \ge  \ 1 - R_{L,t} \  .  
	\label{RvssQ}
\end{equation}
The combination of \eq{RvssQ} with \eq{claim} yields the case 
$t\nearrow 1/2$ of \eq{2.2}.  
  
The crossing of narrow slabs, with $t\searrow 0$, can be estimated
by cutting the slab into $(3/t)^{d-1}$ smaller ones with the aspect
ratio close to $1/3$. {\em  Their} spanning probability is uniformly 
positive if $p \ge p_{c}$ (as shown by the previous discussion).  
Using the independence of the events, 
one obtains the rest of \eq{2.2}.

\maappendix{Uniqueness for Supercritical Models}   \label{AppC}
 
In this appendix we supplement Theorem 2, by proving that 
only for $p=p_{c}$ would there be positive probability for observing
{\em more than one} spanning cluster in arbitrarily large systems.
We shall use the proven fact that in $d>2$ 
dimensions $p_{c}$ is the 
limit of the quadrant--percolation thresholds 
for slabs of finite width \cite{GM}.  This is an important 
technical statement, which  makes a variety of 2D arguments 
applicable to supercritical models in dimensions $d>2$
 \cite{ACCFR}.  (In particular, it permits to prove that the 
 spanning probability itself tends to $1$, as $L \to \infty$.)


\begin{thm}  For any $p\ne p_{c}$, and $t>0$,
\begin{equation}
   D_L(t,p) \equiv Prob_{p}\left(
	\begin{array}{l}
  \mbox{there is more than one spanning} \\
\mbox{cluster in $S_{L,t} ( \ \equiv[0,tL]\times[-L,L]^{(d-1)})$}
	\end{array}
	   \right)   \  \Ltoo \ 0
\label{app2.4}
\end{equation}
\label{thm6}
\end{thm}
\noindent {\bf Proof:}  For any $p<p_{c}$ the two point function 
decays exponentially \cite{AB,Men}, and that easily implies:
 $D_{L}(t,p) \le Const.  \ L^{2d} e^{-\mu L} \to 0$ (for $L\to 
 \infty$).  The assertion which still requires a proof is that 
 for $p > p_{c}$ (and $d>2$) the probability of there being more 
 than one  spanning cluster tends to $0$.

Let us define, for pairs of sites 
on the left boundary ($\{x_{1}=0\}$)
of the semi-infinite cylinder $[0,\infty)\times [0,L]^{d-1}$: 
\be 
G_{k}(x,y) = {\em Prob_{p}\/}\left(
\begin{array}{l}
	\mbox{ $x$ and $y$ are in distinct spanning clusters } \\
	\mbox{ of $[0,k]\times [0,L]^{d-1}$} 
\end{array}  \right)    \ .
\label{B.2}
\ee
The events seen in \eq{B.2} are obviously decreasing in $k$,
and thus the ratio \\
$G_{k+w}(x,y)/G_{k}(x,y)$ represents a 
conditional probability.   
For $p>p_{c}$, let $w(p)$ be the smallest slab width 
for  which there  is percolation in the quadrants 
$[0,w]^{d-2}\times [0,\infty)^{2}$  
($w(p) < \infty$  \cite{BGN, GM}).  
The above conditional probability, of the $(k+W)$-th event 
conditioned on the $k$-th event, is uniformly smaller that one, 
since there is a uniformly positive probability that the two 
distinct clusters will be joined by a path within the added slab.  
(The reason is
explained more explicitly in Section 4 of ref. \cite{ACCFR},
in the context of a rather similar argument.)  Thus
\begin{equation}
	G_{k}(x,y) \ \le G_{k-w}(x,y) \ e^{-\alpha} \ \ldots \ \le A \ 
	e^{-\alpha k/w}
\end{equation}
with some $\alpha > 0$.  Consequently:
\bea
	Prob_{p}\left( 
	\begin{array}{l}
		\mbox{there is more than one}  \\
		\mbox{spanning cluster in 	$\Lambda_{L}$}
	\end{array}	\right) 
	\  & \le & \sum_{
     \begin{array}{l}
		x, y \in \partial [0,2L]^{d}  \nonumber \\
		x_{1}, y_{1} = 0
	\end{array} }   G_{2L}(x,y) \\  \\ 
    & \le & \ A \ (2L)^{2d} e^{-\alpha 2L/w} \Ltoo 0 \  . 
    \nonumber
\eea


\remark We see that the probability of there being more than
one spanning cluster is exponentially small, in $L$,
for $p$ both above and below $p_{c}$,
 but not for $p=p_{c}$  (\eq{2.3}).  
This quantity yields a natural and meaningful characteristic length 
scale $\tilde{\xi}(p)$, and could perhaps offer a useful tool 
for a more thorough analysis of the the scaling relations.

\bigskip

\bigskip

\noindent {\large \bf Acknowledgments\/}
It is a pleasure to thank A. Aharony, J-P Hovi,  G. Slade, 
H.E. Stanley, D. Stauffer, 
and Yu Zhang for stimulating and enjoyable
discussions related to this work.  I wish to also express my 
gratitude for the hospitality enjoyed at 
the Department of Physics, Tel Aviv University, 
where some of the work was done.

\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Acknowledgments and References}
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\end{document}

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eofill
np 2066 1315 :M
2066 1319 :L
2083 1319 :L
2083 1315 :L
2066 1315 :L
eofill
np 2099 1315 :M
2099 1319 :L
2115 1319 :L
2115 1315 :L
2099 1315 :L
eofill
np 2131 1315 :M
2131 1319 :L
2147 1319 :L
2147 1315 :L
2131 1315 :L
eofill
np 2163 1315 :M
2163 1319 :L
2179 1319 :L
2179 1315 :L
2163 1315 :L
eofill
np 2196 1315 :M
2196 1319 :L
2212 1319 :L
2212 1315 :L
2196 1315 :L
eofill
np 2228 1315 :M
2228 1319 :L
2244 1319 :L
2244 1315 :L
2228 1315 :L
eofill
np 2260 1315 :M
2260 1319 :L
2276 1319 :L
2276 1315 :L
2260 1315 :L
eofill
np 2292 1315 :M
2292 1319 :L
2309 1319 :L
2309 1315 :L
2292 1315 :L
eofill
np 2325 1315 :M
2325 1319 :L
2341 1319 :L
2341 1315 :L
2325 1315 :L
eofill
np 2357 1315 :M
2357 1319 :L
2373 1319 :L
2373 1315 :L
2357 1315 :L
eofill
np 1809 1318 :M
1806 1316 :L
1790 1332 :L
1792 1334 :L
1809 1318 :L
eofill
np 1776 1351 :M
1774 1348 :L
1758 1364 :L
1760 1366 :L
1776 1351 :L
eofill
np 1744 1382 :M
1742 1380 :L
1726 1396 :L
1728 1398 :L
1744 1382 :L
eofill
np 1712 1415 :M
1710 1412 :L
1693 1428 :L
1696 1431 :L
1712 1415 :L
eofill
np 1679 1447 :M
1677 1444 :L
1661 1460 :L
1663 1463 :L
1679 1447 :L
eofill
np 1647 1479 :M
1645 1476 :L
1629 1492 :L
1631 1495 :L
1647 1479 :L
eofill
1855 1157 -8 8 1878 1154 8 1855 1149 @a
1845 1152 -8 8 1863 1149 8 1845 1144 @a
1839 1141 -8 8 1853 1144 8 1839 1133 @a
1829 1141 -8 8 1847 1133 8 1829 1133 @a
-8 -8 1822 1146 8 8 1829 1133 @b
-8 -8 1822 1157 8 8 1814 1138 @b
-8 -8 1812 1162 8 8 1814 1149 @b
-8 -8 1801 1167 8 8 1804 1154 @b
1783 1162 -8 8 1801 1159 8 1783 1154 @a
1778 1146 -8 8 1791 1154 8 1778 1138 @a
1773 1136 -8 8 1786 1138 8 1773 1128 @a
1763 1125 -8 8 1781 1128 8 1763 1117 @a
1752 1110 -8 8 1771 1117 8 1752 1102 @a
1742 1100 -8 8 1760 1102 8 1742 1092 @a
-8 -8 1740 1110 8 8 1742 1092 @b
-8 -8 1730 1120 8 8 1732 1102 @b
1716 1100 -8 8 1730 1112 8 1716 1092 @a
1706 1089 -8 8 1724 1092 8 1706 1081 @a
-8 -8 1760 1110 8 8 1757 1092 @b
-8 -8 1765 1100 8 8 1768 1087 @b
1768 1095 -8 8 1781 1097 8 1768 1087 @a
1773 1105 -8 8 1796 1102 8 1773 1097 @a
1788 1110 -8 8 1806 1112 8 1788 1102 @a
1798 1120 -8 8 1817 1112 8 1798 1112 @a
1809 1120 -8 8 1827 1112 8 1809 1112 @a
1819 1120 -8 8 1832 1122 8 1819 1112 @a
-8 -8 1832 1141 8 8 1824 1122 @b
-8 -8 1832 1151 8 8 1824 1133 @b
-8 -8 1776 1166 8 8 1783 1143 @b
-8 -8 1765 1171 8 8 1768 1158 @b
-8 -8 1760 1182 8 8 1757 1163 @b
-8 -8 1755 1193 8 8 1752 1174 @b
-8 -8 1745 1198 8 8 1747 1185 @b
-8 -8 1729 1208 8 8 1737 1190 @b
-8 -8 1729 1218 8 8 1721 1200 @b
-8 -8 1729 1229 8 8 1721 1210 @b
-8 -8 1719 1234 8 8 1721 1221 @b
-8 -8 2043 1023 8 8 2035 1005 @b
-8 -8 2043 1013 8 8 2040 994 @b
-8 -8 2048 1002 8 8 2056 984 @b
-8 -8 2064 992 8 8 2066 979 @b
2061 971 -8 8 2074 979 8 2061 963 @a
2051 966 -8 8 2069 963 8 2051 958 @a
2040 961 -8 8 2059 958 8 2040 953 @a
-8 -8 2048 961 8 8 2040 938 @b
-8 -8 2048 946 8 8 2040 927 @b
-8 -8 2048 935 8 8 2051 917 @b
2051 925 -8 8 2074 917 8 2051 917 @a
-8 -8 2074 925 8 8 2086 906 @b
-8 -8 2094 914 8 8 2097 891 @b
-8 -8 2105 899 8 8 2097 881 @b
2091 878 -8 8 2105 881 8 2091 870 @a
-8 -8 2099 878 8 8 2102 861 @b
-8 -8 2110 869 8 8 2107 850 @b
-8 -8 2115 858 8 8 2122 845 @b
-8 -8 2130 853 8 8 2122 834 @b
-8 -8 2130 842 8 8 2122 824 @b
2112 832 -8 8 2130 824 8 2112 824 @a
2045 946 -8 8 2059 953 8 2045 938 @a
-8 -8 2053 946 8 8 2045 927 @b
-8 -8 2053 935 8 8 2045 917 @b
-8 -8 2053 925 8 8 2056 912 @b
2051 900 -8 8 2064 912 8 2051 892 @a
2040 900 -8 8 2059 892 8 2040 892 @a
2030 894 -8 8 2048 892 8 2030 886 @a
2025 884 -8 8 2038 886 8 2025 876 @a
-8 -8 2033 884 8 8 2025 866 @b
2014 864 -8 8 2033 866 8 2014 856 @a
2004 848 -8 8 2022 856 8 2004 840 @a
1988 848 -8 8 2012 840 8 1988 840 @a
-8 -8 2043 884 8 8 2040 865 @b
2040 873 -8 8 2059 865 8 2040 865 @a
2051 873 -8 8 2069 865 8 2051 865 @a
2061 873 -8 8 2084 871 8 2061 865 @a
2076 879 -8 8 2095 871 8 2076 871 @a
2087 879 -8 8 2105 871 8 2087 871 @a
-8 -8 1817 1120 8 8 1819 1097 @b
-8 -8 1827 1105 8 8 1824 1087 @b
-8 -8 1832 1095 8 8 1824 1076 @b
-8 -8 1832 1084 8 8 1824 1061 @b
-8 -8 1832 1069 8 8 1834 1056 @b
-8 -8 2038 961 8 8 2040 943 @b
-8 -8 2023 966 8 8 2030 953 @b
2004 961 -8 8 2023 958 8 2004 953 @a
-8 -8 2002 971 8 8 2004 953 @b
-8 -8 1987 976 8 8 1994 963 @b
1968 976 -8 8 1987 968 8 1968 968 @a
1958 976 -8 8 1976 968 8 1958 968 @a
1742 1193 -8 8 1760 1195 8 1742 1185 @a
1752 1203 -8 8 1766 1205 8 1752 1195 @a
1758 1213 -8 8 1776 1216 8 1758 1205 @a
1768 1224 -8 8 1781 1226 8 1768 1216 @a
np 2016 1505 :M
2018 1507 :L
2023 1504 :L
2021 1501 :L
2016 1505 :L
eofill
np 2033 1490 :M
2035 1493 :L
2039 1489 :L
2037 1486 :L
2033 1490 :L
eofill
np 2049 1475 :M
2051 1478 :L
2055 1474 :L
2053 1471 :L
2049 1475 :L
eofill
np 2065 1460 :M
2067 1463 :L
2071 1459 :L
2069 1456 :L
2065 1460 :L
eofill
np 2081 1445 :M
2083 1448 :L
2087 1444 :L
2085 1442 :L
2081 1445 :L
eofill
np 2097 1431 :M
2099 1433 :L
2103 1430 :L
2101 1427 :L
2097 1431 :L
eofill
np 2113 1416 :M
2115 1419 :L
2119 1415 :L
2117 1412 :L
2113 1416 :L
eofill
np 2129 1401 :M
2131 1404 :L
2136 1400 :L
2134 1397 :L
2129 1401 :L
eofill
np 2146 1386 :M
2148 1389 :L
2152 1385 :L
2150 1382 :L
2146 1386 :L
eofill
np 2162 1371 :M
2164 1374 :L
2168 1370 :L
2166 1368 :L
2162 1371 :L
eofill
np 2178 1357 :M
2180 1359 :L
2184 1355 :L
2182 1353 :L
2178 1357 :L
eofill
np 2194 1342 :M
2196 1344 :L
2200 1341 :L
2198 1338 :L
2194 1342 :L
eofill
np 2210 1327 :M
2212 1330 :L
2216 1326 :L
2214 1323 :L
2210 1327 :L
eofill
np 2023 917 :M
2025 919 :L
2041 904 :L
2039 902 :L
2023 917 :L
eofill
np 2055 886 :M
2057 889 :L
2073 873 :L
2071 871 :L
2055 886 :L
eofill
np 2087 855 :M
2089 858 :L
2105 843 :L
2103 840 :L
2087 855 :L
eofill
np 2119 824 :M
2122 828 :L
2138 812 :L
2136 809 :L
2119 824 :L
eofill
np 2152 794 :M
2154 797 :L
2170 781 :L
2168 779 :L
2152 794 :L
eofill
np 2184 764 :M
2186 766 :L
2202 751 :L
2200 748 :L
2184 764 :L
eofill
np 2216 733 :M
2218 735 :L
2219 734 :L
2217 732 :L
2216 733 :L
eofill
np 2221 733 :M
2217 733 :L
2217 737 :L
2221 737 :L
2221 733 :L
eofill
np 2221 749 :M
2217 749 :L
2217 753 :L
2221 753 :L
2221 749 :L
eofill
np 2221 765 :M
2217 765 :L
2217 769 :L
2221 769 :L
2221 765 :L
eofill
np 2221 781 :M
2217 781 :L
2217 785 :L
2221 785 :L
2221 781 :L
eofill
np 2221 797 :M
2217 797 :L
2217 802 :L
2221 802 :L
2221 797 :L
eofill
np 2221 814 :M
2217 814 :L
2217 818 :L
2221 818 :L
2221 814 :L
eofill
np 2221 830 :M
2217 830 :L
2217 834 :L
2221 834 :L
2221 830 :L
eofill
np 2221 846 :M
2217 846 :L
2217 850 :L
2221 850 :L
2221 846 :L
eofill
np 2221 862 :M
2217 862 :L
2217 866 :L
2221 866 :L
2221 862 :L
eofill
np 2221 878 :M
2217 878 :L
2217 882 :L
2221 882 :L
2221 878 :L
eofill
np 2221 894 :M
2217 894 :L
2217 898 :L
2221 898 :L
2221 894 :L
eofill
np 2221 910 :M
2217 910 :L
2217 915 :L
2221 915 :L
2221 910 :L
eofill
np 2221 927 :M
2217 927 :L
2217 931 :L
2221 931 :L
2221 927 :L
eofill
np 2221 943 :M
2217 943 :L
2217 947 :L
2221 947 :L
2221 943 :L
eofill
np 2221 959 :M
2217 959 :L
2217 963 :L
2221 963 :L
2221 959 :L
eofill
np 2221 975 :M
2217 975 :L
2217 979 :L
2221 979 :L
2221 975 :L
eofill
np 2221 991 :M
2217 991 :L
2217 995 :L
2221 995 :L
2221 991 :L
eofill
np 2221 1007 :M
2217 1007 :L
2217 1011 :L
2221 1011 :L
2221 1007 :L
eofill
np 2221 1023 :M
2217 1023 :L
2217 1028 :L
2221 1028 :L
2221 1023 :L
eofill
np 2221 1040 :M
2217 1040 :L
2217 1044 :L
2221 1044 :L
2221 1040 :L
eofill
np 2221 1056 :M
2217 1056 :L
2217 1060 :L
2221 1060 :L
2221 1056 :L
eofill
np 2221 1072 :M
2217 1072 :L
2217 1076 :L
2221 1076 :L
2221 1072 :L
eofill
np 2221 1088 :M
2217 1088 :L
2217 1092 :L
2221 1092 :L
2221 1088 :L
eofill
np 2221 1104 :M
2217 1104 :L
2217 1108 :L
2221 1108 :L
2221 1104 :L
eofill
np 2221 1120 :M
2217 1120 :L
2217 1124 :L
2221 1124 :L
2221 1120 :L
eofill
np 2221 1136 :M
2217 1136 :L
2217 1141 :L
2221 1141 :L
2221 1136 :L
eofill
np 2221 1153 :M
2217 1153 :L
2217 1157 :L
2221 1157 :L
2221 1153 :L
eofill
np 2221 1169 :M
2217 1169 :L
2217 1173 :L
2221 1173 :L
2221 1169 :L
eofill
np 2221 1185 :M
2217 1185 :L
2217 1189 :L
2221 1189 :L
2221 1185 :L
eofill
np 2221 1201 :M
2217 1201 :L
2217 1205 :L
2221 1205 :L
2221 1201 :L
eofill
np 2221 1217 :M
2217 1217 :L
2217 1221 :L
2221 1221 :L
2221 1217 :L
eofill
np 2221 1233 :M
2217 1233 :L
2217 1238 :L
2221 1238 :L
2221 1233 :L
eofill
np 2221 1249 :M
2217 1249 :L
2217 1254 :L
2221 1254 :L
2221 1249 :L
eofill
np 2221 1266 :M
2217 1266 :L
2217 1270 :L
2221 1270 :L
2221 1266 :L
eofill
np 2221 1282 :M
2217 1282 :L
2217 1286 :L
2221 1286 :L
2221 1282 :L
eofill
np 2221 1298 :M
2217 1298 :L
2217 1302 :L
2221 1302 :L
2221 1298 :L
eofill
np 2221 1314 :M
2217 1314 :L
2217 1318 :L
2221 1318 :L
2221 1314 :L
eofill
np 2019 925 :M
2016 925 :L
2016 941 :L
2019 941 :L
2019 925 :L
eofill
np 2019 957 :M
2016 957 :L
2016 973 :L
2019 973 :L
2019 957 :L
eofill
np 2019 990 :M
2016 990 :L
2016 1006 :L
2019 1006 :L
2019 990 :L
eofill
np 2019 1022 :M
2016 1022 :L
2016 1038 :L
2019 1038 :L
2019 1022 :L
eofill
np 2019 1054 :M
2016 1054 :L
2016 1070 :L
2019 1070 :L
2019 1054 :L
eofill
np 2019 1086 :M
2016 1086 :L
2016 1103 :L
2019 1103 :L
2019 1086 :L
eofill
np 2019 1119 :M
2016 1119 :L
2016 1135 :L
2019 1135 :L
2019 1119 :L
eofill
np 2019 1151 :M
2016 1151 :L
2016 1167 :L
2019 1167 :L
2019 1151 :L
eofill
np 2019 1183 :M
2016 1183 :L
2016 1199 :L
2019 1199 :L
2019 1183 :L
eofill
np 2019 1216 :M
2016 1216 :L
2016 1232 :L
2019 1232 :L
2019 1216 :L
eofill
np 2019 1248 :M
2016 1248 :L
2016 1264 :L
2019 1264 :L
2019 1248 :L
eofill
np 2019 1280 :M
2016 1280 :L
2016 1296 :L
2019 1296 :L
2019 1280 :L
eofill
np 2019 1313 :M
2016 1313 :L
2016 1329 :L
2019 1329 :L
2019 1313 :L
eofill
np 2019 1345 :M
2016 1345 :L
2016 1361 :L
2019 1361 :L
2019 1345 :L
eofill
np 2019 1377 :M
2016 1377 :L
2016 1393 :L
2019 1393 :L
2019 1377 :L
eofill
np 2019 1409 :M
2016 1409 :L
2016 1426 :L
2019 1426 :L
2019 1409 :L
eofill
np 2019 1442 :M
2016 1442 :L
2016 1458 :L
2019 1458 :L
2019 1442 :L
eofill
np 2019 1474 :M
2016 1474 :L
2016 1490 :L
2019 1490 :L
2019 1474 :L
eofill
-8 -8 745 1338 8 8 752 1320 @b
752 1328 -8 8 771 1320 8 752 1320 @a
763 1328 -8 8 781 1320 8 763 1320 @a
773 1328 -8 8 786 1335 8 773 1320 @a
-8 -8 786 1353 8 8 778 1335 @b
778 1353 -8 8 807 1351 8 778 1345 @a
799 1359 -8 8 812 1361 8 799 1351 @a
804 1369 -8 8 822 1361 8 804 1361 @a
-8 -8 822 1369 8 8 835 1356 @b
-8 -8 843 1364 8 8 845 1351 @b
845 1359 -8 8 863 1351 8 845 1351 @a
855 1359 -8 8 869 1361 8 855 1351 @a
861 1369 -8 8 879 1376 8 861 1361 @a
871 1384 -8 8 894 1381 8 871 1376 @a
886 1389 -8 8 905 1397 8 886 1381 @a
897 1405 -8 8 930 1402 8 897 1397 @a
922 1410 -8 8 941 1402 8 922 1402 @a
-8 -8 941 1410 8 8 943 1397 @b
-8 -8 951 1405 8 8 958 1392 @b
-8 -8 966 1400 8 8 963 1381 @b
-8 -8 971 1389 8 8 974 1371 @b
-8 -8 982 1379 8 8 984 1366 @b
-8 -8 992 1374 8 8 994 1356 @b
-8 -8 1002 1364 8 8 999 1345 @b
-8 -8 1007 1353 8 8 1005 1335 @b
-8 -8 1013 1343 8 8 1015 1325 @b
-8 -8 1023 1333 8 8 1030 1320 @b
1030 1328 -8 8 1049 1330 8 1030 1320 @a
1041 1338 -8 8 1064 1340 8 1041 1330 @a
1056 1348 -8 8 1075 1345 8 1056 1340 @a
1067 1353 -8 8 1090 1351 8 1067 1345 @a
1082 1359 -8 8 1105 1366 8 1082 1351 @a
1097 1374 -8 8 1121 1371 8 1097 1366 @a
1113 1379 -8 8 1141 1371 8 1113 1371 @a
-8 -8 1141 1379 8 8 1144 1366 @b
1144 1374 -8 8 1162 1366 8 1144 1366 @a
-8 -8 1162 1374 8 8 1175 1361 @b
1175 1369 -8 8 1193 1366 8 1175 1361 @a
1185 1374 -8 8 1208 1381 8 1185 1366 @a
1200 1389 -8 8 1219 1386 8 1200 1381 @a
1211 1394 -8 8 1229 1392 8 1211 1386 @a
1221 1400 -8 8 1239 1392 8 1221 1392 @a
1231 1400 -8 8 1255 1392 8 1231 1392 @a
-8 -8 1255 1400 8 8 1252 1381 @b
-8 -8 1260 1389 8 8 1262 1376 @b
-8 -8 1270 1384 8 8 1273 1366 @b
-8 -8 1281 1374 8 8 1288 1361 @b
-8 -8 1296 1369 8 8 1293 1351 @b
-8 -8 1301 1359 8 8 1303 1345 @b
-8 -8 1311 1353 8 8 1303 1335 @b
1303 1343 -8 8 1317 1345 8 1303 1335 @a
1309 1353 -8 8 1327 1356 8 1309 1345 @a
gS
.521 .521 scale
1370.974 2369.373 :M
f0_128 sf
(L)S
gR
4 lw
853 883 400 586 rS
743 1029 -8 8 761 1032 8 743 1021 @a
753 1040 -8 8 771 1032 8 753 1032 @a
763 1040 -8 8 777 1047 8 763 1032 @a
769 1055 -8 8 792 1052 8 769 1047 @a
-8 -8 792 1060 8 8 794 1042 @b
-8 -8 802 1050 8 8 804 1037 @b
-8 -8 812 1045 8 8 810 1026 @b
-8 -8 818 1034 8 8 825 1021 @b
-8 -8 833 1029 8 8 840 1016 @b
840 1024 -8 8 859 1016 8 840 1016 @a
851 1024 -8 8 869 1021 8 851 1016 @a
861 1029 -8 8 880 1021 8 861 1021 @a
872 1029 -8 8 889 1032 8 872 1021 @a
881 1040 -8 8 900 1037 8 881 1032 @a
-8 -8 900 1045 8 8 907 1032 @b
-8 -8 915 1040 8 8 918 1026 @b
-8 -8 926 1034 8 8 933 1021 @b
-8 -8 941 1029 8 8 954 1011 @b
954 1019 -8 8 982 1016 8 954 1011 @a
974 1024 -8 8 992 1032 8 974 1016 @a
984 1040 -8 8 1003 1052 8 984 1032 @a
995 1060 -8 8 1013 1068 8 995 1052 @a
1005 1076 -8 8 1023 1083 8 1005 1068 @a
1015 1091 -8 8 1034 1093 8 1015 1083 @a
1026 1101 -8 8 1039 1104 8 1026 1093 @a
1031 1112 -8 8 1049 1104 8 1031 1104 @a
1041 1112 -8 8 1059 1114 8 1041 1104 @a
1051 1122 -8 8 1075 1114 8 1051 1114 @a
1067 1122 -8 8 1090 1114 8 1067 1114 @a
1082 1122 -8 8 1111 1114 8 1082 1114 @a
1103 1122 -8 8 1126 1114 8 1103 1114 @a
-8 -8 1126 1122 8 8 1133 1109 @b
-8 -8 1141 1117 8 8 1144 1093 @b
-8 -8 1152 1101 8 8 1159 1078 @b
-8 -8 1167 1086 8 8 1165 1068 @b
-8 -8 1173 1076 8 8 1169 1057 @b
-8 -8 1177 1065 8 8 1174 1047 @b
-8 -8 1182 1055 8 8 1185 1026 @b
-8 -8 1193 1034 8 8 1195 1021 @b
-8 -8 1203 1029 8 8 1210 1016 @b
-8 -8 1218 1024 8 8 1221 1006 @b
-8 -8 1229 1014 8 8 1231 1000 @b
1231 1008 -8 8 1250 1000 8 1231 1000 @a
1242 1008 -8 8 1265 1006 8 1242 1000 @a
1257 1014 -8 8 1275 1006 8 1257 1006 @a
-8 -8 1275 1014 8 8 1283 985 @b
-8 -8 1291 993 8 8 1293 975 @b
-8 -8 1301 983 8 8 1298 959 @b
-8 -8 1306 967 8 8 1298 939 @b
-8 -8 1306 947 8 8 1303 928 @b
-8 -8 1311 936 8 8 1313 923 @b
1313 931 -8 8 1332 923 8 1313 923 @a
-8 -8 1332 931 8 8 1329 918 @b
-8 -8 894 1060 8 8 891 1037 @b
886 1060 -8 8 910 1068 8 886 1052 @a
902 1076 -8 8 920 1068 8 902 1068 @a
912 1076 -8 8 940 1083 8 912 1068 @a
932 1091 -8 8 951 1083 8 932 1083 @a
943 1091 -8 8 967 1093 8 943 1083 @a
-8 -8 967 1112 8 8 959 1093 @b
-8 -8 961 1122 8 8 959 1104 @b
953 1122 -8 8 982 1114 8 953 1114 @a
974 1122 -8 8 992 1114 8 974 1114 @a
984 1122 -8 8 1003 1114 8 984 1114 @a
-8 -8 1003 1122 8 8 1005 1104 @b
-8 -8 1013 1112 8 8 1015 1093 @b
1005 1070 -8 8 1023 1062 8 1005 1062 @a
-8 -8 1023 1070 8 8 1020 1052 @b
-8 -8 1028 1060 8 8 1031 1046 @b
-8 -8 1039 1054 8 8 1041 1037 @b
-8 -8 1049 1045 8 8 1051 1026 @b
-8 -8 1059 1034 8 8 1061 1016 @b
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gS 0 0 3041 2300 rC
695 880 1651 540 rC
595.5 780.5 1850 739 rS
1 G
695 880 1650 540 rF
0 G
np 1979 1202 :M
2033 1258 :L
2090 1204 :L
2036 1148 :L
1979 1202 :L
1985 1202 :L
2036 1154 :L
2084 1204 :L
2033 1252 :L
1985 1202 :L
1979 1202 :L
eofill
np 2034 1256 :M
2088 1312 :L
2144 1258 :L
2090 1202 :L
2034 1256 :L
2040 1256 :L
2090 1208 :L
2138 1258 :L
2088 1306 :L
2040 1256 :L
2034 1256 :L
eofill
np 1925 1256 :M
1979 1312 :L
2035 1258 :L
1981 1202 :L
1925 1256 :L
1931 1256 :L
1981 1208 :L
2029 1258 :L
1979 1306 :L
1931 1256 :L
1925 1256 :L
eofill
np 2088 1202 :M
2142 1258 :L
2198 1204 :L
2144 1148 :L
2088 1202 :L
2094 1202 :L
2144 1154 :L
2192 1204 :L
2142 1252 :L
2094 1202 :L
2088 1202 :L
eofill
np 2142 1256 :M
2196 1312 :L
2252 1258 :L
2198 1202 :L
2142 1256 :L
2148 1256 :L
2198 1208 :L
2246 1258 :L
2196 1306 :L
2148 1256 :L
2142 1256 :L
eofill
np 2034 1256 :M
2088 1312 :L
2144 1258 :L
2090 1202 :L
2034 1256 :L
2040 1256 :L
2090 1208 :L
2138 1258 :L
2088 1306 :L
2040 1256 :L
2034 1256 :L
eofill
np 1871 1202 :M
1925 1258 :L
1981 1204 :L
1927 1148 :L
1871 1202 :L
1877 1202 :L
1927 1154 :L
1975 1204 :L
1925 1252 :L
1877 1202 :L
1871 1202 :L
eofill
np 1925 1256 :M
1979 1312 :L
2035 1258 :L
1981 1202 :L
1925 1256 :L
1931 1256 :L
1981 1208 :L
2029 1258 :L
1979 1306 :L
1931 1256 :L
1925 1256 :L
eofill
np 1817 1256 :M
1871 1312 :L
1927 1258 :L
1873 1202 :L
1817 1256 :L
1823 1256 :L
1873 1208 :L
1921 1258 :L
1871 1306 :L
1823 1256 :L
1817 1256 :L
eofill
-4 -4 2199 1198 4 4 2246 1147 @b
-4 -4 2257 1252 4 4 2305 1197 @b
-4 -4 1851 1291 4 4 1847 1279 @b
-4 -4 1851 1283 4 4 1855 1274 @b
1855 1278 -4 4 1866 1274 4 1855 1274 @a
-4 -4 1866 1278 4 4 1870 1270 @b
-4 -4 1874 1274 4 4 1870 1262 @b
-4 -4 1874 1266 4 4 1870 1254 @b
-4 -4 1874 1258 4 4 1874 1245 @b
1874 1249 -4 4 1886 1245 4 1874 1245 @a
1882 1249 -4 4 1893 1245 4 1882 1245 @a
-4 -4 1893 1249 4 4 1897 1241 @b
-4 -4 1901 1245 4 4 1905 1228 @b
-4 -4 1909 1232 4 4 1909 1220 @b
-4 -4 1913 1224 4 4 1912 1212 @b
-4 -4 1916 1216 4 4 1912 1203 @b
1912 1207 -4 4 1924 1203 4 1912 1203 @a
1920 1207 -4 4 1932 1203 4 1920 1203 @a
-4 -4 1932 1207 4 4 1935 1199 @b
-4 -4 1939 1203 4 4 1935 1191 @b
-4 -4 1939 1195 4 4 1939 1182 @b
-4 -4 1943 1186 4 4 1947 1174 @b
1889 1182 -4 4 1905 1186 4 1889 1178 @a
-4 -4 1905 1199 4 4 1901 1186 @b
-4 -4 1905 1207 4 4 1901 1195 @b
1901 1207 -4 4 1910 1211 4 1901 1203 @a
-4 -4 1910 1224 4 4 1906 1211 @b
1906 1224 -4 4 1918 1220 4 1906 1220 @a
1914 1224 -4 4 1926 1224 4 1914 1220 @a
1922 1228 -4 4 1934 1228 4 1922 1224 @a
1930 1232 -4 4 1943 1232 4 1930 1228 @a
-4 -4 1943 1244 4 4 1939 1232 @b
1939 1244 -4 4 1951 1245 4 1939 1240 @a
1947 1249 -4 4 1959 1245 4 1947 1245 @a
1955 1249 -4 4 1968 1245 4 1955 1245 @a
1964 1249 -4 4 1972 1253 4 1964 1245 @a
1968 1257 -4 4 1976 1261 4 1968 1253 @a
1972 1265 -4 4 1984 1261 4 1972 1261 @a
1980 1265 -4 4 1993 1261 4 1980 1261 @a
1989 1265 -4 4 1997 1270 4 1989 1261 @a
1993 1274 -4 4 2005 1274 4 1993 1270 @a
-4 -4 2005 1286 4 4 2001 1274 @b
-4 -4 1960 1291 4 4 1956 1279 @b
1956 1283 -4 4 1968 1279 4 1956 1279 @a
1964 1283 -4 4 1976 1279 4 1964 1279 @a
-4 -4 1976 1283 4 4 1976 1270 @b
-4 -4 1980 1274 4 4 1980 1262 @b
-4 -4 1984 1266 4 4 1988 1258 @b
-4 -4 1992 1262 4 4 1992 1249 @b
-4 -4 1996 1253 4 4 1996 1241 @b
-4 -4 2000 1245 4 4 2000 1233 @b
2000 1237 -4 4 2011 1233 4 2000 1233 @a
2007 1237 -4 4 2019 1233 4 2007 1233 @a
-4 -4 2019 1237 4 4 2019 1224 @b
-4 -4 2023 1228 4 4 2023 1216 @b
-4 -4 2027 1220 4 4 2027 1208 @b
-4 -4 2031 1212 4 4 2027 1199 @b
-4 -4 2031 1203 4 4 2035 1195 @b
2035 1199 -4 4 2047 1195 4 2035 1195 @a
-4 -4 2047 1199 4 4 2047 1187 @b
-4 -4 2051 1191 4 4 2051 1178 @b
-4 -4 2055 1182 4 4 2051 1170 @b
-4 -4 2005 1186 4 4 2001 1174 @b
2001 1186 -4 4 2009 1191 4 2001 1182 @a
2005 1195 -4 4 2013 1199 4 2005 1191 @a
-4 -4 2013 1211 4 4 2009 1199 @b
2009 1211 -4 4 2022 1211 4 2009 1207 @a
2018 1215 -4 4 2030 1216 4 2018 1211 @a
2026 1220 -4 4 2039 1220 4 2026 1216 @a
2035 1224 -4 4 2043 1228 4 2035 1220 @a
2039 1232 -4 4 2047 1236 4 2039 1228 @a
2043 1240 -4 4 2055 1236 4 2043 1236 @a
2051 1240 -4 4 2072 1240 4 2051 1236 @a
2068 1244 -4 4 2080 1245 4 2068 1240 @a
-4 -4 2080 1257 4 4 2076 1245 @b
2076 1257 -4 4 2089 1261 4 2076 1253 @a
2085 1265 -4 4 2097 1265 4 2085 1261 @a
2093 1269 -4 4 2106 1265 4 2093 1265 @a
2102 1269 -4 4 2110 1274 4 2102 1265 @a
2106 1278 -4 4 2114 1282 4 2106 1274 @a
-4 -4 2060 1282 4 4 2056 1270 @b
-4 -4 2060 1274 4 4 2064 1266 @b
2064 1270 -4 4 2076 1266 4 2064 1266 @a
-4 -4 2076 1270 4 4 2076 1258 @b
-4 -4 2080 1262 4 4 2080 1250 @b
-4 -4 2084 1254 4 4 2088 1242 @b
-4 -4 2092 1246 4 4 2096 1238 @b
2096 1242 -4 4 2108 1238 4 2096 1238 @a
-4 -4 2108 1242 4 4 2108 1230 @b
-4 -4 2112 1234 4 4 2112 1222 @b
-4 -4 2116 1226 4 4 2112 1214 @b
-4 -4 2116 1218 4 4 2112 1206 @b
-4 -4 2116 1210 4 4 2120 1202 @b
2120 1206 -4 4 2132 1202 4 2120 1202 @a
2128 1206 -4 4 2140 1202 4 2128 1202 @a
-4 -4 2140 1206 4 4 2144 1198 @b
-4 -4 2148 1202 4 4 2144 1190 @b
-4 -4 2148 1194 4 4 2148 1182 @b
-4 -4 2152 1186 4 4 2156 1178 @b
-4 -4 2160 1182 4 4 2164 1174 @b
-4 -4 2118 1183 4 4 2114 1170 @b
-4 -4 2118 1191 4 4 2114 1179 @b
2114 1191 -4 4 2126 1192 4 2114 1187 @a
-4 -4 2126 1204 4 4 2122 1192 @b
2122 1204 -4 4 2130 1209 4 2122 1200 @a
2126 1213 -4 4 2138 1209 4 2126 1209 @a
2134 1213 -4 4 2146 1213 4 2134 1209 @a
2142 1217 -4 4 2154 1218 4 2142 1213 @a
-4 -4 2154 1230 4 4 2150 1218 @b
2150 1230 -4 4 2162 1226 4 2150 1226 @a
2158 1230 -4 4 2170 1230 4 2158 1226 @a
2166 1234 -4 4 2182 1230 4 2166 1230 @a
2178 1234 -4 4 2186 1239 4 2178 1230 @a
-4 -4 2186 1252 4 4 2182 1239 @b
2182 1252 -4 4 2194 1252 4 2182 1248 @a
2190 1256 -4 4 2202 1252 4 2190 1252 @a
2198 1256 -4 4 2210 1256 4 2198 1252 @a
-4 -4 2210 1269 4 4 2206 1256 @b
2206 1269 -4 4 2218 1269 4 2206 1265 @a
2214 1273 -4 4 2222 1278 4 2214 1269 @a
2218 1282 -4 4 2230 1278 4 2218 1278 @a
2168 1286 -4 4 2180 1282 4 2168 1282 @a
-4 -4 2180 1286 4 4 2180 1274 @b
-4 -4 2184 1278 4 4 2180 1265 @b
-4 -4 2184 1269 4 4 2189 1261 @b
-4 -4 2193 1265 4 4 2197 1257 @b
2197 1261 -4 4 2209 1257 4 2197 1257 @a
2205 1261 -4 4 2218 1257 4 2205 1257 @a
-4 -4 2218 1261 4 4 2222 1245 @b
-4 -4 2226 1249 4 4 2222 1236 @b
-4 -4 2226 1240 4 4 2226 1228 @b
-4 -4 2230 1232 4 4 2235 1220 @b
-4 -4 2239 1224 4 4 2239 1211 @b
-4 -4 2243 1215 4 4 2243 1203 @b
-4 -4 2247 1207 4 4 2251 1195 @b
2251 1199 -4 4 2264 1195 4 2251 1195 @a
-4 -4 2264 1199 4 4 2268 1190 @b
-4 -4 2272 1194 4 4 2272 1182 @b
4 lw
834 907 726 500 rS
np 832 1003 :M
832 1007 :L
848 1007 :L
848 1003 :L
832 1003 :L
eofill
np 864 1003 :M
864 1007 :L
880 1007 :L
880 1003 :L
864 1003 :L
eofill
np 897 1003 :M
897 1007 :L
913 1007 :L
913 1003 :L
897 1003 :L
eofill
np 929 1003 :M
929 1007 :L
945 1007 :L
945 1003 :L
929 1003 :L
eofill
np 961 1003 :M
961 1007 :L
977 1007 :L
977 1003 :L
961 1003 :L
eofill
np 993 1003 :M
993 1007 :L
1010 1007 :L
1010 1003 :L
993 1003 :L
eofill
np 1026 1003 :M
1026 1007 :L
1042 1007 :L
1042 1003 :L
1026 1003 :L
eofill
np 1058 1003 :M
1058 1007 :L
1074 1007 :L
1074 1003 :L
1058 1003 :L
eofill
np 1090 1003 :M
1090 1007 :L
1106 1007 :L
1106 1003 :L
1090 1003 :L
eofill
np 1123 1003 :M
1123 1007 :L
1139 1007 :L
1139 1003 :L
1123 1003 :L
eofill
np 1155 1003 :M
1155 1007 :L
1171 1007 :L
1171 1003 :L
1155 1003 :L
eofill
np 1187 1003 :M
1187 1007 :L
1203 1007 :L
1203 1003 :L
1187 1003 :L
eofill
np 1219 1003 :M
1219 1007 :L
1236 1007 :L
1236 1003 :L
1219 1003 :L
eofill
np 1252 1003 :M
1252 1007 :L
1268 1007 :L
1268 1003 :L
1252 1003 :L
eofill
np 1284 1003 :M
1284 1007 :L
1300 1007 :L
1300 1003 :L
1284 1003 :L
eofill
np 1316 1003 :M
1316 1007 :L
1332 1007 :L
1332 1003 :L
1316 1003 :L
eofill
np 1349 1003 :M
1349 1007 :L
1365 1007 :L
1365 1003 :L
1349 1003 :L
eofill
np 1381 1003 :M
1381 1007 :L
1397 1007 :L
1397 1003 :L
1381 1003 :L
eofill
np 1413 1003 :M
1413 1007 :L
1429 1007 :L
1429 1003 :L
1413 1003 :L
eofill
np 1446 1003 :M
1446 1007 :L
1462 1007 :L
1462 1003 :L
1446 1003 :L
eofill
np 1478 1003 :M
1478 1007 :L
1494 1007 :L
1494 1003 :L
1478 1003 :L
eofill
np 1510 1003 :M
1510 1007 :L
1526 1007 :L
1526 1003 :L
1510 1003 :L
eofill
np 1542 1003 :M
1542 1007 :L
1558 1007 :L
1558 1003 :L
1542 1003 :L
eofill
np 832 1103 :M
832 1107 :L
848 1107 :L
848 1103 :L
832 1103 :L
eofill
np 864 1103 :M
864 1107 :L
880 1107 :L
880 1103 :L
864 1103 :L
eofill
np 897 1103 :M
897 1107 :L
913 1107 :L
913 1103 :L
897 1103 :L
eofill
np 929 1103 :M
929 1107 :L
945 1107 :L
945 1103 :L
929 1103 :L
eofill
np 961 1103 :M
961 1107 :L
977 1107 :L
977 1103 :L
961 1103 :L
eofill
np 993 1103 :M
993 1107 :L
1010 1107 :L
1010 1103 :L
993 1103 :L
eofill
np 1026 1103 :M
1026 1107 :L
1042 1107 :L
1042 1103 :L
1026 1103 :L
eofill
np 1058 1103 :M
1058 1107 :L
1074 1107 :L
1074 1103 :L
1058 1103 :L
eofill
np 1090 1103 :M
1090 1107 :L
1106 1107 :L
1106 1103 :L
1090 1103 :L
eofill
np 1123 1103 :M
1123 1107 :L
1139 1107 :L
1139 1103 :L
1123 1103 :L
eofill
np 1155 1103 :M
1155 1107 :L
1171 1107 :L
1171 1103 :L
1155 1103 :L
eofill
np 1187 1103 :M
1187 1107 :L
1203 1107 :L
1203 1103 :L
1187 1103 :L
eofill
np 1219 1103 :M
1219 1107 :L
1236 1107 :L
1236 1103 :L
1219 1103 :L
eofill
np 1252 1103 :M
1252 1107 :L
1268 1107 :L
1268 1103 :L
1252 1103 :L
eofill
np 1284 1103 :M
1284 1107 :L
1300 1107 :L
1300 1103 :L
1284 1103 :L
eofill
np 1316 1103 :M
1316 1107 :L
1332 1107 :L
1332 1103 :L
1316 1103 :L
eofill
np 1349 1103 :M
1349 1107 :L
1365 1107 :L
1365 1103 :L
1349 1103 :L
eofill
np 1381 1103 :M
1381 1107 :L
1397 1107 :L
1397 1103 :L
1381 1103 :L
eofill
np 1413 1103 :M
1413 1107 :L
1429 1107 :L
1429 1103 :L
1413 1103 :L
eofill
np 1446 1103 :M
1446 1107 :L
1462 1107 :L
1462 1103 :L
1446 1103 :L
eofill
np 1478 1103 :M
1478 1107 :L
1494 1107 :L
1494 1103 :L
1478 1103 :L
eofill
np 1510 1103 :M
1510 1107 :L
1526 1107 :L
1526 1103 :L
1510 1103 :L
eofill
np 1542 1103 :M
1542 1107 :L
1558 1107 :L
1558 1103 :L
1542 1103 :L
eofill
np 832 1203 :M
832 1207 :L
848 1207 :L
848 1203 :L
832 1203 :L
eofill
np 864 1203 :M
864 1207 :L
880 1207 :L
880 1203 :L
864 1203 :L
eofill
np 897 1203 :M
897 1207 :L
913 1207 :L
913 1203 :L
897 1203 :L
eofill
np 929 1203 :M
929 1207 :L
945 1207 :L
945 1203 :L
929 1203 :L
eofill
np 961 1203 :M
961 1207 :L
977 1207 :L
977 1203 :L
961 1203 :L
eofill
np 993 1203 :M
993 1207 :L
1010 1207 :L
1010 1203 :L
993 1203 :L
eofill
np 1026 1203 :M
1026 1207 :L
1042 1207 :L
1042 1203 :L
1026 1203 :L
eofill
np 1058 1203 :M
1058 1207 :L
1074 1207 :L
1074 1203 :L
1058 1203 :L
eofill
np 1090 1203 :M
1090 1207 :L
1106 1207 :L
1106 1203 :L
1090 1203 :L
eofill
np 1123 1203 :M
1123 1207 :L
1139 1207 :L
1139 1203 :L
1123 1203 :L
eofill
np 1155 1203 :M
1155 1207 :L
1171 1207 :L
1171 1203 :L
1155 1203 :L
eofill
np 1187 1203 :M
1187 1207 :L
1203 1207 :L
1203 1203 :L
1187 1203 :L
eofill
np 1219 1203 :M
1219 1207 :L
1236 1207 :L
1236 1203 :L
1219 1203 :L
eofill
np 1252 1203 :M
1252 1207 :L
1268 1207 :L
1268 1203 :L
1252 1203 :L
eofill
np 1284 1203 :M
1284 1207 :L
1300 1207 :L
1300 1203 :L
1284 1203 :L
eofill
np 1316 1203 :M
1316 1207 :L
1332 1207 :L
1332 1203 :L
1316 1203 :L
eofill
np 1349 1203 :M
1349 1207 :L
1365 1207 :L
1365 1203 :L
1349 1203 :L
eofill
np 1381 1203 :M
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1397 1203 :L
1381 1203 :L
eofill
np 1413 1203 :M
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1429 1207 :L
1429 1203 :L
1413 1203 :L
eofill
np 1446 1203 :M
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1462 1207 :L
1462 1203 :L
1446 1203 :L
eofill
np 1478 1203 :M
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1494 1207 :L
1494 1203 :L
1478 1203 :L
eofill
np 1510 1203 :M
1510 1207 :L
1526 1207 :L
1526 1203 :L
1510 1203 :L
eofill
np 1542 1203 :M
1542 1207 :L
1558 1207 :L
1558 1203 :L
1542 1203 :L
eofill
np 832 1303 :M
832 1307 :L
848 1307 :L
848 1303 :L
832 1303 :L
eofill
np 864 1303 :M
864 1307 :L
880 1307 :L
880 1303 :L
864 1303 :L
eofill
np 897 1303 :M
897 1307 :L
913 1307 :L
913 1303 :L
897 1303 :L
eofill
np 929 1303 :M
929 1307 :L
945 1307 :L
945 1303 :L
929 1303 :L
eofill
np 961 1303 :M
961 1307 :L
977 1307 :L
977 1303 :L
961 1303 :L
eofill
np 993 1303 :M
993 1307 :L
1010 1307 :L
1010 1303 :L
993 1303 :L
eofill
np 1026 1303 :M
1026 1307 :L
1042 1307 :L
1042 1303 :L
1026 1303 :L
eofill
np 1058 1303 :M
1058 1307 :L
1074 1307 :L
1074 1303 :L
1058 1303 :L
eofill
np 1090 1303 :M
1090 1307 :L
1106 1307 :L
1106 1303 :L
1090 1303 :L
eofill
np 1123 1303 :M
1123 1307 :L
1139 1307 :L
1139 1303 :L
1123 1303 :L
eofill
np 1155 1303 :M
1155 1307 :L
1171 1307 :L
1171 1303 :L
1155 1303 :L
eofill
np 1187 1303 :M
1187 1307 :L
1203 1307 :L
1203 1303 :L
1187 1303 :L
eofill
np 1219 1303 :M
1219 1307 :L
1236 1307 :L
1236 1303 :L
1219 1303 :L
eofill
np 1252 1303 :M
1252 1307 :L
1268 1307 :L
1268 1303 :L
1252 1303 :L
eofill
np 1284 1303 :M
1284 1307 :L
1300 1307 :L
1300 1303 :L
1284 1303 :L
eofill
np 1316 1303 :M
1316 1307 :L
1332 1307 :L
1332 1303 :L
1316 1303 :L
eofill
np 1349 1303 :M
1349 1307 :L
1365 1307 :L
1365 1303 :L
1349 1303 :L
eofill
np 1381 1303 :M
1381 1307 :L
1397 1307 :L
1397 1303 :L
1381 1303 :L
eofill
np 1413 1303 :M
1413 1307 :L
1429 1307 :L
1429 1303 :L
1413 1303 :L
eofill
np 1446 1303 :M
1446 1307 :L
1462 1307 :L
1462 1303 :L
1446 1303 :L
eofill
np 1478 1303 :M
1478 1307 :L
1494 1307 :L
1494 1303 :L
1478 1303 :L
eofill
np 1510 1303 :M
1510 1307 :L
1526 1307 :L
1526 1303 :L
1510 1303 :L
eofill
np 1542 1303 :M
1542 1307 :L
1558 1307 :L
1558 1303 :L
1542 1303 :L
eofill
np 839 1046 :M
836 1048 :L
837 1052 :L
841 1050 :L
839 1046 :L
eofill
np 850 1057 :M
848 1061 :L
848 1061 :L
850 1057 :L
850 1057 :L
eofill
np 850 1057 :M
848 1061 :L
852 1062 :L
854 1059 :L
850 1057 :L
eofill
np 866 1065 :M
864 1069 :L
865 1069 :L
867 1066 :L
866 1065 :L
eofill
np 866 1066 :M
866 1070 :L
869 1070 :L
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866 1066 :L
eofill
np 882 1070 :M
880 1074 :L
884 1077 :L
886 1073 :L
882 1070 :L
eofill
np 898 1078 :M
897 1082 :L
899 1082 :L
900 1079 :L
898 1078 :L
eofill
np 899 1079 :M
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901 1083 :L
901 1079 :L
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eofill
np 913 1079 :M
913 1083 :L
917 1083 :L
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eofill
np 928 1079 :M
931 1082 :L
935 1078 :L
932 1075 :L
928 1079 :L
eofill
np 946 1066 :M
946 1070 :L
950 1070 :L
950 1066 :L
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eofill
np 961 1060 :M
963 1064 :L
967 1061 :L
965 1057 :L
961 1060 :L
eofill
np 978 1057 :M
978 1061 :L
982 1061 :L
982 1057 :L
978 1057 :L
eofill
np 993 1055 :M
994 1059 :L
999 1059 :L
998 1055 :L
993 1055 :L
eofill
np 1010 1054 :M
1010 1058 :L
1014 1058 :L
1014 1054 :L
1010 1054 :L
eofill
np 1025 1048 :M
1027 1052 :L
1031 1050 :L
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eofill
np 1043 1046 :M
1041 1050 :L
1046 1053 :L
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eofill
np 1059 1056 :M
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1062 1061 :L
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eofill
np 1064 1057 :M
1061 1060 :L
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eofill
np 1075 1068 :M
1073 1072 :L
1077 1074 :L
1079 1070 :L
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eofill
np 1079 1070 :M
1076 1074 :L
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1080 1071 :L
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eofill
np 1090 1079 :M
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eofill
np 1106 1079 :M
1106 1083 :L
1111 1083 :L
1111 1079 :L
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eofill
np 1123 1079 :M
1123 1083 :L
1124 1083 :L
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eofill
np 1123 1079 :M
1125 1082 :L
1128 1081 :L
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1123 1079 :L
eofill
np 1138 1072 :M
1139 1076 :L
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eofill
np 1154 1069 :M
1156 1073 :L
1160 1071 :L
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eofill
np 1170 1061 :M
1172 1065 :L
1176 1062 :L
1174 1058 :L
1170 1061 :L
eofill
np 1187 1052 :M
1188 1056 :L
1192 1055 :L
1191 1051 :L
1187 1052 :L
eofill
np 1204 1049 :M
1202 1054 :L
1206 1055 :L
1209 1052 :L
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eofill
np 1221 1061 :M
1218 1064 :L
1218 1065 :L
1222 1062 :L
1221 1061 :L
eofill
np 1221 1061 :M
1219 1065 :L
1223 1067 :L
1225 1064 :L
1221 1061 :L
eofill
np 1237 1069 :M
1235 1073 :L
1236 1074 :L
1238 1070 :L
1237 1069 :L
eofill
np 1238 1070 :M
1237 1074 :L
1239 1075 :L
1240 1071 :L
1238 1070 :L
eofill
np 1252 1074 :M
1251 1078 :L
1252 1078 :L
1253 1074 :L
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np 1253 1074 :M
1252 1078 :L
1255 1079 :L
1256 1075 :L
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np 1268 1077 :M
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1272 1082 :L
1273 1078 :L
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eofill
np 1284 1074 :M
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eofill
np 1300 1073 :M
1301 1077 :L
1305 1076 :L
1304 1072 :L
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eofill
np 1316 1070 :M
1316 1074 :L
1321 1074 :L
1321 1070 :L
1316 1070 :L
eofill
np 1331 1066 :M
1334 1070 :L
1338 1067 :L
1336 1064 :L
1331 1066 :L
eofill
np 1348 1058 :M
1350 1061 :L
1354 1059 :L
1352 1056 :L
1348 1058 :L
eofill
np 1360 1046 :M
1364 1048 :L
1364 1048 :L
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eofill
np 1362 1045 :M
1363 1049 :L
1366 1048 :L
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1362 1045 :L
eofill
np 1377 1041 :M
1378 1044 :L
1378 1044 :L
1377 1041 :L
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eofill
np 1376 1041 :M
1379 1044 :L
1384 1040 :L
1380 1037 :L
1376 1041 :L
eofill
np 1394 1032 :M
1394 1036 :L
1395 1036 :L
1395 1032 :L
1394 1032 :L
eofill
np 1396 1032 :M
1394 1036 :L
1397 1037 :L
1399 1034 :L
1396 1032 :L
eofill
np 1410 1036 :M
1410 1041 :L
1411 1041 :L
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eofill
np 1412 1036 :M
1410 1040 :L
1413 1042 :L
1415 1039 :L
1412 1036 :L
eofill
np 1427 1048 :M
1425 1052 :L
1427 1053 :L
1429 1049 :L
1427 1048 :L
eofill
np 1429 1050 :M
1426 1053 :L
1429 1055 :L
1432 1052 :L
1429 1050 :L
eofill
np 1444 1064 :M
1441 1067 :L
1443 1069 :L
1447 1066 :L
1444 1064 :L
eofill
np 1445 1066 :M
1445 1070 :L
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np 1459 1066 :M
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np 1461 1066 :M
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eofill
np 1475 1066 :M
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eofill
np 1491 1066 :M
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1495 1070 :L
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np 1507 1066 :M
1507 1070 :L
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eofill
np 1507 1066 :M
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1511 1070 :L
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1507 1066 :L
eofill
np 1523 1066 :M
1523 1070 :L
1527 1070 :L
1527 1066 :L
1523 1066 :L
eofill
np 1538 1060 :M
1540 1064 :L
1544 1062 :L
1542 1058 :L
1538 1060 :L
eofill
np 830 1275 :M
834 1277 :L
836 1273 :L
832 1271 :L
830 1275 :L
eofill
np 844 1267 :M
844 1271 :L
845 1271 :L
845 1267 :L
844 1267 :L
eofill
np 845 1267 :M
845 1271 :L
849 1271 :L
849 1267 :L
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eofill
np 861 1267 :M
861 1271 :L
861 1271 :L
861 1267 :L
861 1267 :L
eofill
np 862 1267 :M
861 1270 :L
864 1272 :L
865 1268 :L
862 1267 :L
eofill
np 877 1270 :M
877 1274 :L
881 1274 :L
881 1270 :L
877 1270 :L
eofill
np 894 1273 :M
892 1277 :L
894 1278 :L
896 1274 :L
894 1273 :L
eofill
np 895 1274 :M
895 1279 :L
897 1279 :L
897 1274 :L
895 1274 :L
eofill
np 909 1274 :M
909 1279 :L
911 1279 :L
911 1274 :L
909 1274 :L
eofill
np 911 1274 :M
911 1279 :L
913 1279 :L
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911 1274 :L
eofill
np 925 1274 :M
925 1279 :L
928 1279 :L
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925 1274 :L
eofill
np 928 1274 :M
928 1279 :L
929 1279 :L
929 1274 :L
928 1274 :L
eofill
np 940 1272 :M
942 1276 :L
946 1274 :L
944 1270 :L
940 1272 :L
eofill
np 943 1271 :M
947 1273 :L
947 1273 :L
944 1270 :L
943 1271 :L
eofill
np 956 1260 :M
959 1264 :L
962 1262 :L
960 1258 :L
956 1260 :L
eofill
np 961 1258 :M
962 1262 :L
962 1262 :L
961 1258 :L
961 1258 :L
eofill
np 973 1252 :M
975 1256 :L
979 1253 :L
977 1249 :L
973 1252 :L
eofill
np 989 1244 :M
991 1248 :L
995 1246 :L
993 1242 :L
989 1244 :L
eofill
np 1006 1242 :M
1006 1246 :L
1010 1246 :L
1010 1242 :L
1006 1242 :L
eofill
np 1022 1238 :M
1022 1242 :L
1026 1242 :L
1026 1238 :L
1022 1238 :L
eofill
np 1040 1240 :M
1037 1243 :L
1041 1246 :L
1044 1243 :L
1040 1240 :L
eofill
np 1055 1251 :M
1053 1254 :L
1057 1257 :L
1060 1254 :L
1055 1251 :L
eofill
np 1072 1262 :M
1069 1265 :L
1074 1268 :L
1076 1265 :L
1072 1262 :L
eofill
np 1088 1272 :M
1086 1276 :L
1090 1278 :L
1092 1274 :L
1088 1272 :L
eofill
np 1103 1274 :M
1103 1279 :L
1107 1279 :L
1107 1274 :L
1103 1274 :L
eofill
np 1119 1274 :M
1119 1279 :L
1120 1279 :L
1120 1274 :L
1119 1274 :L
eofill
np 1120 1274 :M
1120 1279 :L
1123 1279 :L
1123 1274 :L
1120 1274 :L
eofill
np 1135 1274 :M
1135 1279 :L
1139 1279 :L
1139 1274 :L
1135 1274 :L
eofill
np 1151 1274 :M
1151 1279 :L
1153 1279 :L
1153 1274 :L
1151 1274 :L
eofill
np 1153 1274 :M
1153 1279 :L
1155 1279 :L
1155 1274 :L
1153 1274 :L
eofill
np 1167 1274 :M
1167 1279 :L
1170 1279 :L
1170 1274 :L
1167 1274 :L
eofill
np 1169 1274 :M
1171 1278 :L
1173 1277 :L
1171 1273 :L
1169 1274 :L
eofill
np 1183 1268 :M
1184 1272 :L
1188 1270 :L
1187 1267 :L
1183 1268 :L
eofill
np 1187 1267 :M
1188 1270 :L
1188 1270 :L
1187 1266 :L
1187 1267 :L
eofill
np 1199 1264 :M
1200 1268 :L
1204 1267 :L
1203 1263 :L
1199 1264 :L
eofill
np 1215 1258 :M
1217 1262 :L
1217 1262 :L
1215 1258 :L
1215 1258 :L
eofill
np 1216 1258 :M
1216 1263 :L
1220 1263 :L
1220 1258 :L
1216 1258 :L
eofill
np 1231 1256 :M
1232 1260 :L
1237 1259 :L
1236 1255 :L
1231 1256 :L
eofill
np 1248 1249 :M
1248 1254 :L
1252 1254 :L
1252 1249 :L
1248 1249 :L
eofill
np 1264 1249 :M
1264 1254 :L
1266 1254 :L
1266 1249 :L
1264 1249 :L
eofill
np 1265 1249 :M
1267 1253 :L
1269 1252 :L
1267 1248 :L
1265 1249 :L
eofill
np 1280 1245 :M
1280 1249 :L
1283 1249 :L
1283 1245 :L
1280 1245 :L
eofill
np 1284 1245 :M
1282 1249 :L
1284 1250 :L
1286 1247 :L
1284 1245 :L
eofill
np 1297 1255 :M
1296 1259 :L
1300 1260 :L
1301 1256 :L
1297 1255 :L
eofill
np 1314 1261 :M
1312 1265 :L
1315 1266 :L
1317 1263 :L
1314 1261 :L
eofill
np 1318 1263 :M
1314 1265 :L
1315 1266 :L
1318 1264 :L
1318 1263 :L
eofill
np 1326 1273 :M
1324 1277 :L
1328 1278 :L
1330 1274 :L
1326 1273 :L
eofill
np 1329 1274 :M
1329 1279 :L
1329 1279 :L
1329 1274 :L
1329 1274 :L
eofill
np 1341 1274 :M
1341 1279 :L
1346 1279 :L
1346 1274 :L
1341 1274 :L
eofill
np 1357 1274 :M
1357 1279 :L
1358 1279 :L
1358 1274 :L
1357 1274 :L
eofill
np 1358 1274 :M
1358 1279 :L
1362 1279 :L
1362 1274 :L
1358 1274 :L
eofill
np 1374 1274 :M
1374 1279 :L
1374 1279 :L
1374 1274 :L
1374 1274 :L
eofill
np 1374 1274 :M
1374 1279 :L
1378 1279 :L
1378 1274 :L
1374 1274 :L
eofill
np 1390 1274 :M
1390 1279 :L
1394 1279 :L
1394 1274 :L
1390 1274 :L
eofill
np 1406 1270 :M
1406 1274 :L
1410 1274 :L
1410 1270 :L
1406 1270 :L
eofill
np 1422 1270 :M
1422 1274 :L
1424 1274 :L
1424 1270 :L
1422 1270 :L
eofill
np 1424 1270 :M
1425 1274 :L
1427 1273 :L
1426 1269 :L
1424 1270 :L
eofill
np 1437 1261 :M
1440 1265 :L
1442 1261 :L
1440 1258 :L
1437 1261 :L
eofill
np 1440 1258 :M
1441 1262 :L
1442 1261 :L
1441 1258 :L
1440 1258 :L
eofill
np 1449 1253 :M
1453 1253 :L
1453 1248 :L
1449 1248 :L
1449 1253 :L
eofill
np 1461 1245 :M
1461 1249 :L
1465 1249 :L
1465 1245 :L
1461 1245 :L
eofill
np 1478 1252 :M
1475 1255 :L
1478 1258 :L
1480 1255 :L
1478 1252 :L
eofill
np 1479 1255 :M
1478 1258 :L
1480 1259 :L
1481 1255 :L
1479 1255 :L
eofill
np 1493 1259 :M
1491 1263 :L
1496 1265 :L
1498 1261 :L
1493 1259 :L
eofill
np 1510 1264 :M
1507 1266 :L
1511 1270 :L
1514 1268 :L
1510 1264 :L
eofill
np 1525 1270 :M
1525 1274 :L
1525 1274 :L
1525 1270 :L
1525 1270 :L
eofill
np 1527 1270 :M
1524 1273 :L
1527 1277 :L
1530 1274 :L
1527 1270 :L
eofill
np 1541 1285 :M
1539 1289 :L
1543 1291 :L
1545 1288 :L
1541 1285 :L
eofill
np 1556 1292 :M
1556 1296 :L
1558 1296 :L
1558 1292 :L
1556 1292 :L
eofill
833 1359 -8 8 849 1358 8 833 1351 @a
841 1366 -8 8 858 1364 8 841 1358 @a
850 1372 -8 8 866 1364 8 850 1364 @a
858 1372 -8 8 874 1364 8 858 1364 @a
866 1372 -8 8 882 1367 8 866 1364 @a
874 1375 -8 8 891 1367 8 874 1367 @a
883 1375 -8 8 903 1367 8 883 1367 @a
895 1375 -8 8 911 1367 8 895 1367 @a
-8 -8 911 1375 8 8 912 1364 @b
-8 -8 920 1372 8 8 920 1361 @b
920 1369 -8 8 936 1361 8 920 1361 @a
-8 -8 936 1369 8 8 932 1354 @b
-8 -8 940 1362 8 8 941 1351 @b
-8 -8 949 1359 8 8 949 1348 @b
949 1356 -8 8 965 1348 8 949 1348 @a
957 1356 -8 8 978 1348 8 957 1348 @a
970 1356 -8 8 986 1348 8 970 1348 @a
978 1356 -8 8 994 1348 8 978 1348 @a
986 1356 -8 8 1003 1351 8 986 1348 @a
995 1359 -8 8 1015 1351 8 995 1351 @a
1007 1359 -8 8 1023 1358 8 1007 1351 @a
1015 1366 -8 8 1032 1361 8 1015 1358 @a
1024 1369 -8 8 1040 1361 8 1024 1361 @a
1032 1369 -8 8 1052 1364 8 1032 1361 @a
1044 1372 -8 8 1061 1367 8 1044 1364 @a
1053 1375 -8 8 1069 1367 8 1053 1367 @a
1061 1375 -8 8 1077 1370 8 1061 1367 @a
1069 1378 -8 8 1085 1370 8 1069 1370 @a
1077 1378 -8 8 1094 1370 8 1077 1370 @a
1086 1378 -8 8 1102 1370 8 1086 1370 @a
1094 1378 -8 8 1110 1370 8 1094 1370 @a
1102 1378 -8 8 1119 1370 8 1102 1370 @a
-8 -8 1119 1378 8 8 1115 1364 @b
-8 -8 1123 1372 8 8 1127 1358 @b
-8 -8 1135 1366 8 8 1135 1354 @b
-8 -8 1143 1362 8 8 1144 1345 @b
-8 -8 1152 1353 8 8 1148 1338 @b
1148 1346 -8 8 1164 1338 8 1148 1338 @a
1156 1346 -8 8 1172 1338 8 1156 1338 @a
1164 1346 -8 8 1181 1338 8 1164 1338 @a
-8 -8 1181 1346 8 8 1181 1335 @b
1181 1343 -8 8 1197 1338 8 1181 1335 @a
1189 1346 -8 8 1206 1338 8 1189 1338 @a
1198 1346 -8 8 1214 1345 8 1198 1338 @a
1206 1353 -8 8 1222 1348 8 1206 1345 @a
1214 1356 -8 8 1231 1351 8 1214 1348 @a
1223 1359 -8 8 1239 1351 8 1223 1351 @a
1231 1359 -8 8 1243 1358 8 1231 1351 @a
1235 1366 -8 8 1251 1361 8 1235 1358 @a
1243 1369 -8 8 1260 1364 8 1243 1361 @a
1252 1372 -8 8 1268 1367 8 1252 1364 @a
1260 1375 -8 8 1276 1370 8 1260 1367 @a
1268 1378 -8 8 1289 1374 8 1268 1370 @a
1281 1382 -8 8 1297 1377 8 1281 1374 @a
1289 1385 -8 8 1305 1377 8 1289 1377 @a
1297 1385 -8 8 1313 1377 8 1297 1377 @a
1305 1385 -8 8 1322 1380 8 1305 1377 @a
-8 -8 1322 1388 8 8 1322 1377 @b
-8 -8 1330 1385 8 8 1343 1370 @b
-8 -8 1351 1378 8 8 1355 1367 @b
-8 -8 1363 1375 8 8 1372 1361 @b
1372 1369 -8 8 1392 1361 8 1372 1361 @a
-8 -8 1392 1369 8 8 1397 1354 @b
-8 -8 1405 1362 8 8 1409 1351 @b
-8 -8 1417 1359 8 8 1417 1348 @b
1417 1356 -8 8 1434 1348 8 1417 1348 @a
1426 1356 -8 8 1442 1348 8 1426 1348 @a
1434 1356 -8 8 1450 1351 8 1434 1348 @a
1442 1359 -8 8 1467 1361 8 1442 1351 @a
1459 1369 -8 8 1483 1364 8 1459 1361 @a
1475 1372 -8 8 1492 1367 8 1475 1364 @a
1484 1375 -8 8 1500 1370 8 1484 1367 @a
1492 1378 -8 8 1512 1370 8 1492 1370 @a
1504 1378 -8 8 1521 1370 8 1504 1370 @a
1513 1378 -8 8 1529 1370 8 1513 1370 @a
-8 -8 1529 1378 8 8 1529 1367 @b
-8 -8 1537 1375 8 8 1537 1364 @b
1537 1372 -8 8 1554 1364 8 1537 1364 @a
1546 1372 -8 8 1562 1364 8 1546 1364 @a
-8 -8 841 1151 8 8 833 1135 @b
833 1151 -8 8 849 1147 8 833 1143 @a
841 1155 -8 8 854 1155 8 841 1147 @a
846 1163 -8 8 862 1160 8 846 1155 @a
854 1168 -8 8 866 1168 8 854 1160 @a
858 1176 -8 8 874 1168 8 858 1168 @a
866 1176 -8 8 883 1168 8 866 1168 @a
875 1176 -8 8 891 1168 8 875 1168 @a
883 1176 -8 8 899 1168 8 883 1168 @a
-8 -8 899 1176 8 8 900 1164 @b
-8 -8 908 1172 8 8 908 1160 @b
-8 -8 916 1168 8 8 916 1151 @b
-8 -8 924 1159 8 8 925 1147 @b
-8 -8 933 1155 8 8 929 1139 @b
-8 -8 937 1147 8 8 937 1135 @b
937 1143 -8 8 954 1135 8 937 1135 @a
946 1143 -8 8 962 1139 8 946 1135 @a
954 1147 -8 8 970 1139 8 954 1139 @a
962 1147 -8 8 979 1143 8 962 1139 @a
971 1151 -8 8 983 1151 8 971 1143 @a
975 1159 -8 8 991 1155 8 975 1151 @a
983 1163 -8 8 999 1160 8 983 1155 @a
991 1168 -8 8 1008 1172 8 991 1160 @a
1000 1180 -8 8 1016 1172 8 1000 1172 @a
1008 1180 -8 8 1024 1172 8 1008 1172 @a
1016 1180 -8 8 1033 1172 8 1016 1172 @a
1025 1180 -8 8 1041 1172 8 1025 1172 @a
-8 -8 1041 1180 8 8 1041 1168 @b
-8 -8 1049 1176 8 8 1046 1160 @b
1046 1168 -8 8 1062 1160 8 1046 1160 @a
-8 -8 1062 1168 8 8 1062 1151 @b
-8 -8 1070 1159 8 8 1071 1147 @b
-8 -8 1079 1155 8 8 1079 1143 @b
-8 -8 1087 1151 8 8 1079 1135 @b
-8 -8 1087 1143 8 8 1087 1130 @b
-8 -8 1095 1138 8 8 1096 1122 @b
1096 1130 -8 8 1112 1122 8 1096 1122 @a
1104 1130 -8 8 1120 1126 8 1104 1122 @a
1112 1134 -8 8 1133 1135 8 1112 1126 @a
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%%Trailer
end		% md
%%EOF
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