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Standard Model, Quantum Electrodynamics, Landau Pole, GUTS, Supersymmetry
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%%%%      Aug 1, 2012                       %%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%    SM-complete-QED-self-consistency  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%
\documentstyle[12pt]{article}
\begin{document}
\vskip 1 cm
\begin{center}
\Large{\bf The Standard Model is a Complete Theory in itself and Quantum Electrodynamics 
is mathematically and physically a self-consistent theory}
\end{center}
\vskip 1.5 cm
\begin{center}
{\bf Syed Afsar Abbas} \\
Department of Physics\\
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - 202002, India\\
(e-mail : drafsarabbas@yahoo.in)
\end{center}
\vskip 1 cm  
\begin{centerline}
{\bf Abstract }
\end{centerline}
\vskip 3 mm

Due to the possible existence of the Landau Pole ( or Moscow Zero ) it is commonly believed
that Quantum Electrodynamics is mathematically an inconsistent theory. However for a theory
which has been eulogized by Feynman as the "jewel of physics", the above statement is
rather unpalatable. Indeed, on the basis of a careful study of the intrinsic structure
of the Standard Model, we show here as to how the Landau Pole problem is solved. 
In Quantum Electrodynamics, we show as to what
the bare mass and the bare charge actually are. Now these bare quantities play their proper role 
within the renormalized mass and the renormalized charge respectively.
We shall then demonstrate as to how Quantum Electrodynamics is fully self-consistent
both physically and mathematically. This work thus shows that the Standard Model is a Complete
Theory in itself and that it is this that generates the QED. Thus QED is a secondary theory.
It is therefore shown that all putative extensions for unification beyond the Standard Model, 
like the GUTs, the Supersymmetric extensions etc are inconsistent with the Standard Model 
and hence are ruled out.

\vskip 1 cm
{\bf Keywords:} Standard Model, Renormalization

\newpage

{\bf (I) Introduction}

\vskip .3 cm

Because of the extremely accurate predictions of the physical quantities like the anomalous
magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of the hydrogen atom,
that Quantum Electrodynamics has been honoured as "the jewel of physics" by
Feynman [1]. However, shocking and extremely upsetting was the fact that QED also had the 
property that the interactions become infinitely strong at short enough distance scales.
Such a phenomenon called the Landau Pole ( or Moscow Zero ) made it plausible that
QED was inconsistent. Perturbed by this Feynman wrote [1],
" The shell game that we play .... is technically called renormalization. But no matter
how clever the word, it is still, what I would call a dippy process! Having to resort
to such hocus-pocus has prevented us from proving that the theory of QED is 
mathemtically consistent. It is surprising that the theory still hasn't been proved
self-consistent one way or the other by now. I suspect that renormalization is
not mathematically legitimate".
Though this statement was written around 1985, the issue as to the possible inconsistency
of QED remains the same today.

In this paper, we show that actually QED is physically and mathematically self-consistent.
Ironically, in contrast to Feynman's point of view, to do the above, we do require the
complete machinery of the quantum field theory. That is that QED is not inconsistent but 
this is due to intrinsic use of the property of renomalizability of the Standard Model.

It will be shown that the Standard Model itself solves the above problem completely.
It will appear that the Standard Model is a Complete Theory in itself and that it rules out
any of the putative Unification Models like GUTs, Supersymmtry etc.

\vskip .3 cm

{\bf (II) Hiding the infinities}

\vskip .3 cm

The physical mass m of the electron to order $\alpha$ is $ m = m_0 + \delta{m} $ where
$m_0$ is the bare mss of the electron. This is the mass of the electron in the absence
of the electromagnetic interaction, that is mass of an uncharged electron [2].
This is an imporatnt point, that is to realize that the bare mass $m_0$ does not
know of the electric charge. The idea of renormalizability is that $m_0$ which is physically
not measurable ( and may be infinite ) is made to depend upon a cutoff
$\Lambda$ i.e. $m_0 (\Lambda)$. We choose $m_0$ to depend upon 
$\Lambda$ in such a manner that m is independent of $\Lambda$.

The same for the renormalized charge in QED [3] $e = (Z_3)^{1 \over 2} e_0$ where e
is the physically measured charge and $e_0$ is the bare charge of the electron.
Note that this bare charge is independent of any mass parameter of the electron.
Therefore the bare mass and the bare charge are independent of each other but
of course, defining the same electron of which they are the primitive 
bare quantities. 

QED is renormalizable in terms of two parameters, the bare mass $m_0$ and the 
bare charge $e_0$. When we calculate the true mass m and the true charge e
(the actually measured quantities) we find that these expressions diverge.
Next we regularize the theory by introducing an unphysical regulator $\Lambda$
such that the resulting charge and mass are finite. That is


\begin{displaymath}
m = m ( m_0 , e_0 , \Lambda )
\end{displaymath}
\begin{equation}
e = e ( m_0 , e_0 , \Lambda )
\end{equation}

To make sense out of the regularizd theory we must somehow make m and e independent
of $\Lambda$. Thus we make sure that $m_0$ and $e_0$ are functions of 
$\Lambda$ such that m and e do not depend upon $\Lambda$. That is

\begin{displaymath}
{{dm} \over {d \Lambda}} = 0 = {{\partial{m} \over \partial{m_0}} {\partial{m_0} \over \partial{\Lambda}}
 + {\partial{m} \over \partial{e_0}} {\partial{e_0} \over \partial{\Lambda}}
 + {\partial{m} \over \partial{\Lambda}}}
\end{displaymath}
\begin{equation}
{{de} \over {d \Lambda}} = 0 = {\partial{e} \over \partial{m_0}} {\partial{m_0} \over \partial{\Lambda}}
 + {\partial{e} \over \partial{e_0}} {\partial{e_0} \over \partial{\Lambda}}
 + {\partial{e} \over \partial{\Lambda}}
\end{equation}

These coupled equations are first order and their initial conditions are provided by the experimentally 
measured or renormalized mass and charge. Thereon one uses the standard renormalization techniques [2].
The point that should be kept in mind is that the bare mass $m_0$ and 
the bare charge $e_0$ are two independent quantities.

Though playing a basic and fundamenatal role in cancelling the untraviolet divergences, to bring about finite
and measaurable mass and charge, it is a puzzle as to wherefrom the bare mass and the bare charge arise.
For mathematically oriented people, 
it may be a mere mathematical construct or a mathematical trick. 
While more physically minded persons, it may be a theoretical construct or as 
arising from some unkown "deeper theory" , that is deeper than QED [3].
Hence clearly its ontological status is quite fuzzy. In short, these bare quantities have a fundamental role in
providing finite measuarable quantities in QED while their own existence and status is shrouded in mystery.

Note that when talking of the mathematical and physical consistency of QED there are really
two properties to talk of. One is the bare charge and the bare mass, and next one is the
correction terms like $\delta m$ or $Z_3$ as above.
When tackling the consistency problem of QED one normally just worries about the latter
field theory correction terms. Conventionally one just ignores the bare mass and the bare charge terms,
assuming these to arise mysteriously from somewhere. 
However these are not just simple physical parameters but are special in that these too can become 
infinite and also should spring from some deeper quantum field theory outside QED. 
It is not correct to ignore them. Afterall it is the interplay of infinities in these 
two properties that the finite physically measurable quantities arise.
Hence one wishing to demonstrate the full consistency of QED cannot just confine oneself to only tacking the
Landau ghost problem. It is only half the job done. One should also be able to solve the mystery of the
bare quantities in QED as a renormalizable theory. As far as known to the author all the
attempts as of now, involving 
demostartion of the mathematical consistency of the QED have only addressed the question of 
the Landau pole.
These models have clearly failed to give the final word on the issue,  mainly because they 
did not address
the issue of the bare quantities in QED. We tackle both these issues in this paper.


\vskip .3 cm

{\bf (III) Mass and charge in the Standard Model}

\vskip .3 cm

Let us define our model [4,5].
To start with 
let us first ignore the right-handed neutrino ( note that we shall include it 
below ) in say the first generation
of particles. In the SM this is represented in the group
${SU(3)_{c}} \otimes {SU(2)_{L}} \otimes {U(1)_{Y}}$ as

\begin{displaymath}
q_L = \pmatrix{u \cr d}_L \sim (3, 2, Y_q) ; 
u_R \sim (3, 1, Y_u) ; d_R \sim (3, 1, Y_d)  \end{displaymath}
\begin{equation} l_L = \pmatrix{\nu  \cr e}_L \sim (1, 2, Y_l) ;  
e_R \sim (1, 1, Y_e)  \end{equation}


Let us now define the electric charge in the most general way in terms of 
the diagonal generators of ${SU(2)_{L}} \otimes {U(1)_{Y}}$ as
\begin{equation}
Q = I_3 + b Y
\end{equation}
where b is an arbitrary parameter.

In the SM 
${SU(3)_{c}} \otimes {SU(2)_{L}} \otimes {U(1)_{Y}}$
is spontaneously broken through a Higgs mechanism to the group
${SU(3)_{c}} \otimes {U(1)_{em}}$.
Here the Higgs is assumed to be a doublet $\phi$ with arbitrary hypercharge 
$Y_{\phi}$. 
The isospin $I_3 =- {1\over2}$ component of the
Higgs field develops a nonzero vacuum expectation value $<\phi>_o$. Since 
we want
the $U(1)_{em}$ generator Q to be unbroken we require $Q<\phi>_o=0$. This
right away fixes b in (3) and we get

\begin{equation} 
Q = I_3 + ({1 \over 2Y_\phi}) Y 
\end{equation}

To proceed further one imposes the anomaly cancellation conditions
to establish constraints on the various hypercharges above.
First ${[SU(3)_c]}^2 U(1)_Y$ gives $2 Y_q = Y_u + Y_d$
and  ${[SU(2)_L]}^2 U(1)_Y$ gives $3 Y_q = - Y_l$. Next 
${[U(1)_Y]}^3$ does not provide any new constraints. 
So the anomaly 
conditions themselves are not sufficient to provide quantization of 
electric charge in the SM. One has to provide new physical inputs to 
proceed further. There are two independent ways to do so.

{\bf Method I}:

Here one demands that fermions acquire masses through Yukawa coupling in 
the SM. This brings about the following constraints:

\begin{equation}
Y_u = Y_q + Y_{\phi} ; Y_d = Y_q - Y_{\phi} ; Y_e = Y_l - Y_{\phi}
\end{equation}

Note that  $2 Y_q = Y_u + Y_d$ from the anomaly cancellation condition for
${[SU(3)_c]}^2 U(1)_Y$ is automatically satisfied here from the Yukawa
conditions above. Now using $3 Y_q = - Y_l$ from anomaly cancellation,
along with Yukawa terms above in 
${[U(1)_Y]}^3$, does provide a new constrains of $Y_l = - Y_{\phi}$. 
Putting all these together one immediately gets charge quantization in the 
SM [4,5] as follows:

\begin{displaymath}
q_L = \pmatrix{u \cr d}_L , Y_q = {{Y_\phi} \over 3} ; 
Q(u) = {1\over 2} ({1+{1\over 3}}) ; Q(d) = {1\over 2} ({-1+{1\over 3}})
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath} u_R, Y_u = {Y_\phi} ({1+{1\over 3}}) ;
                    Q(u_R) ={1\over 2} ({1+{1\over 3}}) ; 
                     d_R, Y_d = {Y_\phi} ({-1+{1\over 3}}) ;
                    Q(d_R) ={1\over 2} ({-1+{1\over 3}}) 
\end{displaymath}
\begin{equation} l_L = \pmatrix{\nu \cr e}_L ; Y_l = -Y_\phi ;
Q(\nu) = 0, Q(e) = -1 ; e_R, Y_e = -2Y_\phi ; Q(e_R) = -1
\end{equation}

Note that in the above quantization of the electric charge, 
Higgs hypercharge $Y_{\phi}$ always cancels 
out and hence remains unconstrained. 
A repetitive structure for the the other generations of particles gives charges for the other
fermions as well.

{\bf Method II}:

Next we ignore Yukawa coupling and impose the vector nature
of the electric charge [4,5] which means that photon couples identically to 
the left handed and the right handed charges. That is $Q_L = Q_R$

\begin{displaymath}
{1\over 2} ({1+{{Y_q}\over {Y_\phi}}}) =  
{1\over 2}  {Y_u \over {Y_\phi}}                   
 ; giving:  Y_u = Y_q + Y_{\phi}
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath}
Q(d) = {1\over 2} ({-1+{{Y_q}\over {Y_\phi}}})=
{1\over 2}  {Y_d \over {Y_\phi}}
 ; giving: Y_d = Y_q - Y_{\phi}
\end{displaymath}
\begin{equation} 
{1\over 2} ({-1+{{Y_l}\over {Y_\phi}}})=
{1\over 2}  {Y_e \over {Y_\phi}}
 ; giving: Y_e = Y_l - Y_{\phi}
\end{equation}

And thereafter charge quantization as in method 1.
Note that the hypercharge constraints arising by using the Yukawa terms as in Method I above in eqn. (6)
are exacly the same as eqn. (8) by using  Method II which guarantees the vector nature of the photon
coupling. The singnificance of this equality/similarity shall be discussed below. Also note that the
total charge is actually eQ ( where after the spontaneous symmetry breaking 
e = $ \sqrt{g_1 g_2} \over {{g_1}^2 + {g_2}^2} $ ).

Let us now add the right handed neutrino for the first generation 
irreducible representation given in eqn.(3).
Let it be defined as ( in the same notation ): 

\begin{equation}
\nu_R ; (1,1,Y_\nu)
\end{equation}

This brings in additional term from the Yukawa coupling given 
in eqn.(6) as

\begin{equation}
Y_\nu = Y_l + Y_\phi
\end{equation}

Now ${[U(1)_Y]}^3$ anomaly condition, with all the Yukawa couplings and 
the $3 Y_q = - Y_l$ condition, does not provide any new constraint on 
hypercharges. Only that it is consistent with the other conditions.
Without $\nu_R$ it was this anomaly cancellation condition that gave 
crucial information which ensured charge quantization. Now with the 
incorporation of $\nu_R$, the property of electric 
charge quantization is lost.

So we have charge quantization in the Standard Model and that is lost once we include the 
right-handed neutrino. Now we know that for any complete and closed mathematical structure which
is found to provide a good description of nature, it is essential that some suitable boundary conditions
be chosen. It is our experience, that without appropriate boundary conditions, a mathematical structure
in itself does not provide enough predictive power to become useful in physics . 
As an example, we quote the Loretnz Group structure.
The Special Theory of Relativity becomes well defined only with the boundary condition that the 
velocity of light be the limiting velocity.

In the same spirit we note that the Standard Model should include the right-handed component of
neutrino also
for a complete description of the particle reality. We do so. But for the model to become predictive
we need atleast one boundary condition - and that is that we demand that the electric charge of
the right handed neutrino be zero. Then we get all the predictive power of the SM as dicussed above.
Just as without a limiting velocity, we cannt obtain the predictive power of the Lorentz transformation,
similarly without a limiting charge of zero for the right-handed neutrino, we cannot obtain the predictive
power of the quantized electric charge in the SM. Remember that a boundary condition cannot be derived
from any fundmental theory. It is a physical reality which when judiciously imposed
converts a mathematical structure into a possible physical reality.

If we so wish, we can look at this issue in another manner, which is more phenomenological in spirit. 
let us impose an empirical constraint. Let us assume that the
the electric charge of this new entity - $\nu_R$ is zero. This would be 
consistent with the overall empirical reality, as any charged $\nu_R$ 
would have made its presence felt in the laboratory or in the cosmological data.
Thus we are demanding it to be inert. 
Once we do that, we recover all the above results, as to charge quantizatiuon, without change.

So we have electric charge quantization in the Standard Model as shown above.
But what does it mean that there are two independent methods -
Method I and Metdod II to bringing about exactly the same kind of constraints
on the hypercharges to finally provide charge quantization in the Standard Model.
The significance of this fact is as follows.

Note that when Method I is adopted, Yukawa couplings define masses without knowing
anything about the electric charge. So the masses obtained there are masses of
an uncharged electron [2], exactly as what is needed for it to be the bare charge 
of the electron as an input in the renormalized charge which obviously arises once
$U(1)_{em}$ has been brought into existence through  
${SU(3)_{c}} \otimes {SU(2)_{L}} \otimes {U(1)_{Y}}$ having been
spontaneously broken through a Higgs mechanism to the group
${SU(3)_{c}} \otimes {U(1)_{em}}$.
Hence the spontaneous symmetry breaking of ${SU(2)_{L}} \otimes {U(1)_{Y}}$
brings about Yukawa masses for the fermions which then act as bare masses
as inputs for the newly generated ${U(1)_{em}}$ i.e. QED.

Since the early days of the Electroweak theory, it was always considered a
weakness and a shortcoming of the Standard Model that it throws up so many
unspecified mass parameters for all the fermions.
As per our new iterpretation above, these unspecified mass paramerters in the
Standard Model now become a VIRTUE of the Standard Moddel !
Clearly these unspecified bare masses take up any value, even infinite too, to counter the
infinites in the $\delta m$ term in the renormalized theory.

Next as per Method II above for charge quantization, shows that now the
constraints that define charges are independnt of the Yukawa masses.
So this charge does not know of the mass parameter.
Hence these charges should be taken as bare charge inputs in the
QED renomalization equations.

Thus we find that spontaneous breaking of
${SU(3)_{c}} \otimes {SU(2)_{L}} \otimes {U(1)_{Y}}$ symmetry to  
${SU(3)_{c}} \otimes {U(1)_{em}}$ provides the two independent inputs, the bare masses
and the bare charges to allow for the calculation of renormalized
masses and charges in $U(1)_{em}$ for QED.
This consistency and self-completeness of the creation of 
bare masses and bare charges in QED is not only an indication that it is not only
"not arbirary" but complete and consistent both physically and mathematically.
It is also providing further strength to the Standard Model as being a 
Complete Theory in itself.

So the "deep theory" [3] that one needs to generate the bare mass and the bare
charge for QED is none other than the poorly understood and the underappreciated,
the Standard Model of particle physics.
In fact as the Standard Model not only generates both the mass and the electric charge
of the fermions consistently for the derived $U(1)_{em}$, 
it allows and thus ensures the renormalizability of the same 
quantities by
providing them the necessary bare quantities.
Thus QED needs the Standard Model to define fundamentally its structure.

Next to the issue of the Landau Pole (or Moscow Zero ) in QED and which exists
at scales much higher ( at $10^{30}$ GeV ) than the Planck Scale ( at $10^{19}$ GeV ).
None would disagree with the fact that it is spontaneous symmetry breaking of the
electro-weak group that generates the masses. 
So as per the popular understanding, the matter particles are massless
above the electro-weak scale and become massive after the symmetry breaking.
But above we have also demonstrated very convincingly, that the electric charge also gets
defined only after spontaneous symmetry breaking at the electro-weak scale. That is, above
this scale, just as masses are not defined so also as well the charges are not defined.
These two fundamental properties , the mass and the charge of the electron for example,
get defined in the Standard Model only below the electro-weak symmetry breaking scale.
Clearly the photon with its vector nature and couplings identically to the left-handed
and the right-handed charges, also gets defined through the spontaneous symmetry 
breaking only. So clearly as per the Standard Model, there was no QED or the group
$U(1)_{em}$ structure existng above the electro-weak breaking scale.
This provides a natural cutoff for QED. Atually it is not just a cutoff.
QED does not even exist above this scale. As QED does not even exist above the
electro-weak breaking scale, the Landau pole is completely irrelevant scale for it.
One would have taken $\Lambda$ going from zero to infinity for QED in primitive times, 
when one did not
know as to how QED actually got generated in the Standard Model. 
Earlier one believed that as a fundamental theory QED
had universal existence at all energies and at all scales. But now we know that it is actually
a derived theory coming into existence at a lower energy scale than visualizd before.
Hence QED is both physically and mathematically a fully self-consistent theory in the 
energy range that it exists.
Ofcourse one should not forget that this self-consistency also requires a consistent
explanation of the bare quantities as done above.

\vskip .3 cm

{\bf (IV) About the various unification concepts}

\vskip .3 cm 


All the unification concepts which require that one may go beyond the Standard Model,
in one way or the other, demand that there should be a group G such that

\begin{equation}
G \supset   {SU(3)_{c}} \otimes {SU(2)_{L}} \otimes {U(1)_{Y}}
\end{equation}

where a larger group like SU(5) or SO(10) may encompass the Standard Model group.
This is what one does in the Grand Unified Theories. Next due to some further reasons
one introduces supersymmery in some manner. The freedom to define the above group G and
the freedom in introducing supersymmerty allows one to conceive of a large number
of extensions beyond the Standard Model and which are currently focus of
intense ongoing activities.

In all these theories it is assumed that the coupling constant of the Standard Model
group ${SU(3)_{c}} \otimes {SU(2)_{L}} \otimes {U(1)_{Y}}$ runs. 
The scale at which the larger symmetry is attained, the unification is realized and fixed
by the scale at which these three running coupling constants converge to.
For GUTs it is roughly $10^{15}$ GeV, a few orders of magnitude smaller than the Planck scale.
In all these models it is required that $U(1)_{em}$ exists generically right upto the
unification scale and the three coupling consttant run continuously right upto there.

It is a common belief that the general idea of unification is on the "right track" 
[3, p. 421] by calculating the running of the coupling consstants as per different 
unification models. The best resulting fits [3, p. 271, 421, Fig 10] do not converge to a
single point as per the SU)5) GUTs while 
for the Minimal Supersymmetric Model it does converge at
approximately $10^{16}$ GeV. This was taken as a point in favour of MSSM.

But the Standard Model says something else. As we have shown above, $U(1)_{em}$
does not even exist above the electro-weak scale. This is in direct conflict with all
the above ideas. As the Standard Model is solidly varified by the experiments in contrast to
all the above extensions which as of now are empirically unconfirmed hypotheses.
Hence the honour of determining what should be believed in, especially in a situation where
there is a conflict between the two, should go to the Standard Model.

Gravity does not figure atall in the Standard Model. But we should not say that it is a weakness
of the Stadnard Model that it fails to incorporate gravity in it. Actually this is a property
of the Standard Model that describes the strong, the weak and`the electromagnetic interactions
completely. Actually as a Complete Theory of these three interactions, it is not meant
to describe gravity. For gravity we have to go outside the framework of the Standard
Model. As`discussed above, as all the putative unification ideas beyond the Standard Model
are wrong, we have to seek new grounds to be able to explain gravitational interaction as well.
Very often books say that we actually ignore gravity in the Standard Model as it is so weak.
But on the basis of what we have shown here - gravity is not part of the scheme of things in the
Standard Model.

Hence we cannot accept any of these unification ideas and all these should be discarded, 
just as the false idea of the ether was discarded with the advent of the special theory 
of relativity at the beginning of the 20th century. Landau had  tried to "bury
with due honours" the quantum field theory of QED after dicovering the so called
Landau singularity [6]. Now that we have shown that QED is a perfectly fine and a 
self-consistent quantum field theory, hence the same phrase may be used in a more appropriate 
present context, that the curently popular putative unification ideas like the GUTs etc 
should now be "buried with due honours".

\newpage
\begin{center}
{\bf References}
\end{center}
\vskip .5 cm

\vskip .2 cm

1. R. P. Feynman, "QED: the strange theory of light and matter", Penguin, 1990

\vskip .2 cm

2. B. Hatfield, "Quantum Field Theory of point particles and strings", Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 
   New York, 1992

\vskip .2 cm

3. F. Wilczek, "Fantastic Realities", World Scientific Pub., Singapore, 2006 

\vskip .2 cm

4. A Abbas, "Anomalies and charge quantization in the Standard Model with arbitrary
number of colours", Phys. Lett B 238 (1990) 344

\vskip .2 cm

5. A Abbas, "Spontaneous symmetry breaking, quantization of the electric charge and 
the anomalies", J. Phys. G 16 (1990) L163

\vskip .2 cm

6. L. D. Landau, in "Niels Bohr and the development of physics", W. Pauli Ed.,
   McGraw Hill, New York, 1955

\vskip .2 cm

\end{document}
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